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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,119)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (448)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (205)
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  • 1975-1979  (1,488)
  • 1955-1959  (315)
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements of translational diffusion coefficients by quasielastic laser light scattering, sedimentation coefficients, and intrinsic viscosities at zero shear of proteoglycan subunit fraction A1-D1-D1 isolated from bovine nasal septa are reported. Molecular weights and hydrodynamic dimensions are compared with those expected on the basis of structural models previously proposed. Comparison of the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient in the presence of NaCl and GdnHCl leads to the conclusion that significant self-association behaviour of subunit occurs in the absence of GdnHCl. In the absence of added salt, anomalous nonlinear concentration dependence of Dt estimated from wide-angle light-scattering experiments is observed. In addition, Dt apparently becomes angle dependent. These results are interpreted in terms of the perturbation of normal translational diffusion of the monomer by strong repulsive intermolecular interactions due to the combined effects of long-range electrostatic forces and macromolecular congestion at higher concentrations. By carrying out experiments at small scattering angles, it is possible to determine Dt0 for proteoglycan subunit in the absence of supporting electrolyte. Titration of a dilute solution of subunit with hyaluronic acid results in a sigmoidal behaviour of the Stokes radius, indicating the formation of complexes of higher molecular weight results from the noncovalent association of proteoglycan subunits with hyaluronate. Observation of Dt appears to provide a useful method for studying the proteoglycan subunit-hyaluronate interactions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Records of electrical activity in the tracheal muscles of domestic chickens were obtained for a variety of ad libitum vocalizations. Primary attention was given to an analysis of events during the most complex call, crowing.Three pairs of muscles, Mm. tracheohyoideus, tracheolateralis, and sternotrachealis, can affect the configuration of a chicken's syrinx. The firing patterns of the three muscle pairs are related to their different abilities to affect the tension of the syringeal membranes. The influence of M. tracheohyoideus is most indirect and imprecise, and its role the least clearly defined. It appears to adjust the position of the trachea so that the syrinx is isolated from unpredictable and/or undesirable consequences of nuchal position and tracheal elasticity, and also helps draw the glottis caudad, thereby deepening the pharyngeal chamber. The other two muscles interact to control the tension of the vocal membranes. M. sternotrachealis relaxes the membranes by drawing the drum of the trachea caudad, or, via the syringeal ligament, by rotating the pessulus cranioventrad, or both. M. tracheolateralis tenses the membranes and/or prevents caudal movement of the origin of M. sternotrachealis, a necessity if the syringeal ligament is to rotate the pessulus.Vocalization depends on both syringeal configuration and appropriate air flow. Hence, tracheal muscles, syrinx, air sacs, and ventilatory muscles cooperate to form a vocal system. Cooperation elicits a surprising degree of redundancy. At least one call, a high pitched wail, may be produced by two very different techniques.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 809-812 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Currently there is widespread use of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular components in total joint replacement prostheses. What has been most surprising about the wear of UHMWPE under such circumstances is the occurrence of brittle fracture. Such fracture had not been observed in the usual engineering tests done in the laboratory on UHMWPE. It was only when prosthese which had been removed from patients were examined or run in hip joint simulators with serum or synovial fluid as the lubricant, that brittle fracture was encountered. The problem of environment-enhanced brittle fracture in plastics dates back to 1946. Interestingly, the phenomenon was first described in polyethylene. The prime variables involved are polymer molecular weight, sensitizing environment, stress filed, and temperature. Other things being equal, brittle behavior in polyethylene is extremely sensitive to the amount of low molecular weight polymer present. In the light of the foregoing we have studied the molecular weight distribution in six commercially available UHMWPE components. These were obtained from six different manufacturers. The specimens were characterized both on their bearing (wear) surfaces and in their interior bulk. The results obtained indicate that: 1The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of low molecular weight polymer.2The UHMWPE components differ significantly in molecular weight distribution.3The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of crosslinked polymer.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 2833-2845 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method of determining the distribution of branching in a polymer is developed employing limiting viscosity numbers (intrinsic viscosity), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and absolute molecular weight determinations of fractions of the whole polymer. A molecular weight calibration of the GPC column set is first determined empolying these fractions. From the limiting viscosity number measurements of these fractions and their molecular weight distribution determined from the GPC chromatogram, the viscosity-molecular weight relationship is determined by a nonlinear least-squares fitting procedure. For the same molecular weight, the limiting viscosity number of the branched polymer is less than the limiting viscosity number of the linear polymer. From the ratio of the two, the number of branches per unit molecular weight of the branched polymer is calculated. The method was applied to SRM 1476, the standard reference branched polyethylene issued by the National Bureau of Standards. The branching density for the constituents of SRM 1476 rise from zero at molecular weights less than 10,000 to about 6 to 8×10-5 at molecular weights of 50,000 and above. The branching of SRM 1476 was also determined by the method of Drott and Mendelson, giving a result in fair agreement with the above method.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibitors of corrosion 19 (1). Autoxidation studies on Fe2+-trimethylene-1,3-bisphosphonate as a model of a corrosion inhibiting surface layerThe autoxidation rate of Fe2+ salts depends on the pH value and is practically equal to zero at pH 2 and very high at pH 5-7. Addition of trimethylene-1,3-bis-phosphonic acid slows down autoxidation and gives rise to an increase in oxygen consumption; this resulting consumption is higher than might be explained by the stoichiometry of the Fe2+ oxidation. This fact may be explained by the oxidative conversion of trimethylene-1,3-bis-phosphonic acid to phosphoric acid with salts of trivalent iron being precipitated. These Fe3+-bis-phosphonates are precipitated in a tridimensional network; the Fe:P ratio is between 0.5 and 0.9 and the Fe:P ratio is between 0.5 and 0.9 and decreases as the pH of the system is decreased.
    Notes: Die Autoxidationsgeschwindigkeit der Fe2+. Salze ist stark abhängig vom pH und ist bei pH 2 praktisch gleich Null, bei pH 5-7 sehr hoch. Durch Zusatz von Trimethylen-1,3-bis-phosphonsäure wird die Autoxidation etwas verlangsamt und der Sauerstoffverbrauch stärker erhöht als es der Stöchiometrie der Fe2+-Oxidation entspricht. Dieser Umstand erklärt sich durch den oxidativen Abbau der Trimethylen-1,3-bis-phosphonsäure zu Phosphorsäure, wobei Salze des dreiwertigen Eisens als Niederschlag ausfallen. Diese Fe3+-bis-phosphonate sind dreidimensional vernetzt; das Fe:P-Verhältnis liegt zwischen 0.5 und 0.9 und wird mit abnehmendem pH-Wert geringer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion Inhibitors 21 (1) - Investigations into the autoxidation of Fe2+ salts of tetramethylene-1,4-bis-, hexamethylene-1,6-bis-, benzene-1,4-bis-phosphonic acids, phosphoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid as a model of a surface layer inhibiting the corrosion of ironThe efficiency of organic bisphosphonic acids as inhibitors of the corrosion of iron is due to the fact that Fe2+ ions leaving the iron surface react with the acid immediately and give rise to the formation of threedimensional surface layers. The more dense the structure of these layers, the more resistant these network is against oxygen and the more resistant to hydrolysis are the Fe—OP bonds, the better the protective effect. Oxygen as well as chloride ions are then prevented excess to the metal surface. The distribution of phosphorus in the precipitates obtained during the model experiments yields information concerning the degree of crosslinking.
    Notes: Die Wirksamkeit der organischen Bisphosphonsäuren als Inhibitoren der Korrosion von Eisen ist dadurch bedingt, daß die aus der Eisenoberfläche auftretenden Fe2+-Ionen direkt am Austrittsort mit den Säuren reagieren und an Ort und Stelle dreidimensional vernetzte Deckschichten aufbauen. Je dichter die Struktur dieser Schichten, je beständiger das Netzwerk gegen Sauerstoff und je hydrolysebeständiger die Fe—OP-Bindungen, desto besser ist die Schutzwirkung: Dadurch wird sowohl dem Sauerstoff als auch dem Chloridion der Zugang zur Metalloberfläche verwehrt. Die Modellversuche ermöglichen aufgrund der Verteilung des Phosphors in den Niederschlägen Rückschlüsse auf den Vernetzungsgrad.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New Investigations into Hydrogen Adsorption and Dissolved IronThe solution processes of iron in n HCl were investigated and a correlation was found between the quantity of hydrogen absorbed in the iron and the rate at which the metal dissolved. A dynamical saturation equilibrium was established in the interior of the metal. From this the significance of partial reactions can be derived and the action of inhibitors explained.
    Notes: Es wurden die Auflösungsvorgänge von Eisen in In-HCL untersucht und ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Menge des vom Eisen aufgenommenen Wasserstoffs und der Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit des Metalls gefunden. Es stellt sich dabei ein dynamisches Sättigungsgleichgewicht im Innern des Metalls ein. Daraus läßt sich die Bedeutung der Teil-Reaktionen ableiten und das Eingreifen von Inhibitoren erklären.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 478-480 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Analytical composition of the corrosion products of iron as a function of time and of the oxygen consumedUsing a modified standard method of analysis it is possible to analyze mixtures containing Fe0, Fe2+ and Fe3+. This method is used to study corrosion systems catalyzed by chlorides. According to the results obtained the amount of Fe2+ is approx constant at pH 7, irrespective of the oxygen quantityt consumed, Fe0 being oxidized to give Fe2+ and the latter being oxidized, at a comparable rate, to give Fe3+. At pH 3, however, Fe2+ is obtained almost exclusively, and beyond pH Fe3+ becomes predominating.
    Notes: Mit einer modifizierten Analysenmethode ist es möglich, Gemische mit Fe0, Fe2+ und Fe3+ zu analysieren. Diese Methode wird zur Untersuchung von Systemen mit chloridkatalysierter Korrosion benutzt. Nach den Ergebnissen ist die Fe2+-Menge bei Ph 7 unabhängig von der verbrauchten Sauerstoffmenge annähernd konstant, da Fe0 zu Fe2+ und dieses weiter zu Fe3+ oxidiert wird. Die Geschwindigkeiten dieser Reaktionen sind vergleichbar. Bei pH 3 erhält man nur Fe2 und ab pH 4 wird Fe3+ vorherrschen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlamydocin, Iabu-L-Phe-D-Pro-LX, is a naturally occurring cyclic tetrapeptide that exhibits high cytostatic activity. The conformation of the peptide ring, as well as the stereo configuration in the vicinity of the epoxide ring, have been established by a single-crystal X-ray study of dihydrochlamydocin: C28H40N4O6·H2O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 12.616(6) Å, b = 12.355(6) Å, c = 9.442(5) Å, and β = 99.5(1)°. The structure was solved by the symbolic addition procedure for phase determination followed by the tangent formula method of phase refinement. This structure represents the first cyclic tetrapeptide in which all four peptide units have been found in the trans conformation; however, each peptide unit is significantly nonplanar with ω angles deviating by 14-24° from the ideal value of 180°. This molecule contains two intramolecular 3 → 1 hydrogen bonds and experimentally determined parameters for these seven-membered turns are presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2481-2490 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We develop a force-constant refinement procedure which we believe capable of being used in problems of large molecules and biopolymers. The procedure is based on a Green-function expression which relates changes in frequency to changes in force constants. The method does not require that assignments be made before refinment (although they may be). An expansion of this expression gives rise to a set of linear algebraic equations for the force-constant corrections, rather than an equation involving residuals to minimize. The resulting calculations are considerably simpler. This approximate is iterated to find the final refined force-constants. We discuss several methods of improving the convergence of the procedure which take into account the experimental information which may be available. Of particular interest is a scheme to select the force constants to be refined by imposing a criterion for selecting those which will fit the experimental data with the smallest changes of the force constants from their expected values. We discuss some limitations which occur for all methods of refinement applied to large molecules.
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