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  • Organic Chemistry  (37)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (6)
  • Electron microscopy  (2)
  • 1975-1979  (13)
  • 1960-1964  (32)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 45 (1962), S. 2325-2342 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden die Kriterien präzisiert, mit deren Hilfe die quantitative Umwandlung von freier chemischer Energie in mechanische Energie durch kontraktile Systeme theoretisch und insbesondere auch experimentell sichergestellt werden kann. Es wird zu diesem Zwecke ein (teinochemisches) System betrachtet, welches aus einer kontraktilen Lamelle und einer Einbettungsflüssigkeit besteht. Der Möglichkeit, durch Zusatz chemischer Reagentien zur Einbettungsflüssigkeit eine reversible Kontraktion und Dilatation der Lamelle zu bewirken, steht immer die komplementäre Erscheinung zur Seite, dass bei mechanischer Dehnung der Lamelle eine Veränderung chemischer Gleichgewichte und damit verbunden eine Erhöhung der Aktivität der die Kontraktion bewirkenden bzw. eine Erniedrigung der Aktivität der die Dilatation bewirkenden Reagentien in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit eintritt. Eine quantitative Koppelung der beiden Phänomene (Längenänderung bei Zusatz chemischer Reagentien und Änderung der Aktivität in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit bei mechanischer Dehnung der Lamellen) ist Voraussetzung und Kriterium für eine quantitative Umwandlung von freier chemischer in mechanische Energie. Die diese Zusammenhänge beschreibenden quantitativen Beziehungen werden formuliert und begründet, und zwar auch in dem praktisch interessierenden Fall, dass im System nebeneinander verschiedene teinochemisch aktive Substanzen vorkommen. Für jede teinochemisch aktive Substanz besteht eine (partiell) für die hervorgehobene Substanz gültige Beziehung, eine Beziehung, welche ihrerseits von den zu präzisierenden Versuchsbedingungen abhängt. Von Interesse ist eine Beziehung (Total-System-Gleichung), durch welche verbunden werden: 1. die Menge an hervorgehobener teinochemisch aktiver Substanz, welche dem aus Gelfaden und Einbettungsflüssigkeit gebildeten Gesamtsystem zuzusetzen ist, um an dem nicht oder mit einer konstanten Kraft k1 belasteten Gelfaden eine Längenänderung von der Grösse 1 zu erzielen; 2. die Änderung der Kraft, welche notwendig ist, um an dem in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit befindlichen Faden die Längenänderung 1 herbeizuführen; und 3. die Änderung des Logarithmus der Aktivität der hervorgehobenen Substanz, welche (durch Messung in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit) festzustellen ist, wenn der Faden unter Konstanthaltung aller im Gesamtsystem vorhandenen Molzahlen mechanisch um eine Längeneinheit gedehnt wird.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zwecks Klarstellung der Vorgänge, welch sich bei der Erzeugung von mechanischer aus chemischer Energie durch Kontraktion von aus Polyvinylalkohol und Polyacrylsäure bestehenden homogenen Lamellen abspielen, werden, ausser der Herstellung, eine Reihe von Eigenschaften dieser Folien beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden bei teinochemisch aktiven Systemen allgemeine und quantitative Beziehungen begründet zwischen den für die chemische Erzeugung von Längenänderungen erforderlichen Stoffmengen, dem Elastizitätsmodul und der Verschiebung chemischer Gleichgewichte, welche beim mechanischen Dehnen solcher Systeme auftritt. Die allgemeinen Beziehungen werden auf den Fall der homogenen, Polyvinylalkohol und Polyacrylsäure enthaltenden Gele (homogener pH-Muskel) spezialisiert und angewendet.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Calculations of the daily solar radiation incident at the tops of the atmospheres of Mars and the outer planets and its variability with latitude and season are presented in a series of figures and tables. The changes in the latitudinal and seasonal distributions of daily surface insolation during the great Martian dust storm of 1971 (when Martian atmospheric optical depth increased from about tau = 0.1 to 2.0) were significant and dramatically illustrate the effect of atmospheric aerosols on surface insolation; i.e., the mean annual daily insolation at the poles decreased by more than a factor of 100 as tau increased from 0.1 to 2.0.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; May 1977
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An estimate has been made of the methylamine concentration in the Jupiter atmosphere on the basis of the possible overlap between the regions of hydrocarbon and ammonia photochemistry. It was found that the maximum production rate of 6 x 10 to the 4th/cu cm/Jovian day occurs in the vicinity of 60 km above the ammonia cloud layer. The volumetric mixing ratio is 3 x 10 to the -11th, if the downward transport of methylamine equals the production rate.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; May 1977
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  • 6
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations indicate that the maximum daily solar radiation reaching the Martian surface is about 325 cal/sq cm during southern hemisphere summer at latitude of about 40 deg S. In the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, the radiation reaching the surface at wavelengths greater than 2800 A is within 10% of the radiation incident on the atmosphere. There is significant extinction of radiation in the spectral region near 2500 A in mid and high latitudes due to absorption of radiation by ozone; radiation reaching the surface may be reduced to one one-thousandth of that incident on the atmosphere during winter. Virtually no radiation of wavelengths less than 1900 A reaches the surface because of absorption by the large column abundance of carbon dioxide. Daily and latitudinal distributions of radiation are presented for wavelengths of 3000, 2500 and 2000 A.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 14; Dec. 197
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radiative equilibrium temperature calculations for Mars are presented, using the model of Kuhn et al. (1978). The maximum amount of ozone measured was 57 microns over the polar hood during winter. Results indicate that, although a minor constituent in the Martian atmosphere, ozone may play a significant role in controlling the rate of carbon dioxide deposition and thus the atmospheric pressure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 30
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Altitude profiles of ammonia and its photochemical products are generated in the light of measurements of the Jovian temperature structure, eddy transport coefficient, improved chemical scheme, and rate constants. Realistic limits are placed on the concentration of hydrazine which may participate in the recycling of ammonia on Jupiter. The maximum hydrazine-ice production rate is calculated to be about 1.3 mg/sq m per Jovian day. The distribution of nitrogen gas is presented with and without supersaturation of hydrazine. The nitrogen mixing ratio near the ammonia cloud top is estimated to be in the range between 10 to the -9th and 10 to the -11th power. An appreciable latitudinal variation in the ammonia concentration is expected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; July 197
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photochemical calculations indicate that if NH3 outgassed from Titan it should have been converted to a dense N2 atmosphere during the lifetime of the satellite. A crucial step in the process involves a gas phase reaction of N2H4 with H. The most favorable conditions for this step would be the intermediate production of a CH4-H2 greenhouse capable of raising the gas temperature to 150 K. Subsequently about 20 bars of N2 could have evolved. The pressure-induced opacity of 20 bars of N2 should suffice to explain the recently measured 200 K surface temperature. Unlike the situation on Jupiter, NH3 is not recycled on Titan by reactions involving N2 or N2H4. This may explain the failure of recent attempts to detect NH3 in the upper atmosphere of Titan.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 201; Aug. 18
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gliding bacterium ; Simonsiella ; Oral cavity ; Electron microscopy ; Morphology ; Dorsal-ventral differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the aerobic, Gram-negative multicellular-filamentous bacteria of the genus Simonsiella were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flat, ribbon-shaped, multicellular filaments show dorsal-ventral differentiation with respect to their orientations to solid substrata. The dorsal surface, orientated away from the substrate, is convex and possesses an unstructured capsule. The ventral surface, on which the organisms adhere and glide, is concave and has an extracellular layer with fibrils extending at right angles from the cell wall. The cytoplasm in the ventral region contains a proliferation of intracytoplasmic membranes and few ribosomes in comparison to the cytoplasm in other parts of the cell. Centripetal cell wall formation is asymmetrical and commences preferentially in the ventral region. Quantitative differences in morphology and cytology exist among selected Simonsiella strains. Functional aspects of this dorsalventral differentiation are discussed with respect to the colonization and adherence of Simonsiella to mucosal squamous epithelial cells in its ecological habitat, the oral cavities of warm-blooded vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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