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  • Organic Chemistry  (37)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (5)
  • ATP analogue  (2)
  • 1975-1979  (12)
  • 1960-1964  (32)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 45 (1962), S. 2325-2342 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden die Kriterien präzisiert, mit deren Hilfe die quantitative Umwandlung von freier chemischer Energie in mechanische Energie durch kontraktile Systeme theoretisch und insbesondere auch experimentell sichergestellt werden kann. Es wird zu diesem Zwecke ein (teinochemisches) System betrachtet, welches aus einer kontraktilen Lamelle und einer Einbettungsflüssigkeit besteht. Der Möglichkeit, durch Zusatz chemischer Reagentien zur Einbettungsflüssigkeit eine reversible Kontraktion und Dilatation der Lamelle zu bewirken, steht immer die komplementäre Erscheinung zur Seite, dass bei mechanischer Dehnung der Lamelle eine Veränderung chemischer Gleichgewichte und damit verbunden eine Erhöhung der Aktivität der die Kontraktion bewirkenden bzw. eine Erniedrigung der Aktivität der die Dilatation bewirkenden Reagentien in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit eintritt. Eine quantitative Koppelung der beiden Phänomene (Längenänderung bei Zusatz chemischer Reagentien und Änderung der Aktivität in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit bei mechanischer Dehnung der Lamellen) ist Voraussetzung und Kriterium für eine quantitative Umwandlung von freier chemischer in mechanische Energie. Die diese Zusammenhänge beschreibenden quantitativen Beziehungen werden formuliert und begründet, und zwar auch in dem praktisch interessierenden Fall, dass im System nebeneinander verschiedene teinochemisch aktive Substanzen vorkommen. Für jede teinochemisch aktive Substanz besteht eine (partiell) für die hervorgehobene Substanz gültige Beziehung, eine Beziehung, welche ihrerseits von den zu präzisierenden Versuchsbedingungen abhängt. Von Interesse ist eine Beziehung (Total-System-Gleichung), durch welche verbunden werden: 1. die Menge an hervorgehobener teinochemisch aktiver Substanz, welche dem aus Gelfaden und Einbettungsflüssigkeit gebildeten Gesamtsystem zuzusetzen ist, um an dem nicht oder mit einer konstanten Kraft k1 belasteten Gelfaden eine Längenänderung von der Grösse 1 zu erzielen; 2. die Änderung der Kraft, welche notwendig ist, um an dem in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit befindlichen Faden die Längenänderung 1 herbeizuführen; und 3. die Änderung des Logarithmus der Aktivität der hervorgehobenen Substanz, welche (durch Messung in der Einbettungsflüssigkeit) festzustellen ist, wenn der Faden unter Konstanthaltung aller im Gesamtsystem vorhandenen Molzahlen mechanisch um eine Längeneinheit gedehnt wird.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zwecks Klarstellung der Vorgänge, welch sich bei der Erzeugung von mechanischer aus chemischer Energie durch Kontraktion von aus Polyvinylalkohol und Polyacrylsäure bestehenden homogenen Lamellen abspielen, werden, ausser der Herstellung, eine Reihe von Eigenschaften dieser Folien beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden bei teinochemisch aktiven Systemen allgemeine und quantitative Beziehungen begründet zwischen den für die chemische Erzeugung von Längenänderungen erforderlichen Stoffmengen, dem Elastizitätsmodul und der Verschiebung chemischer Gleichgewichte, welche beim mechanischen Dehnen solcher Systeme auftritt. Die allgemeinen Beziehungen werden auf den Fall der homogenen, Polyvinylalkohol und Polyacrylsäure enthaltenden Gele (homogener pH-Muskel) spezialisiert und angewendet.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared in situ radiance observations at 8.0 to 14 microns and 9.5 to 11.5 microns of the West African Harmattan haze during the 1974 Global Atmospheric Research Project Atlantic Tropical Experiment field phase made possible the determination of some of the radiative properties of this tropospheric phenomenon. This in turn permitted development of a simple calculation model for radiative transfer through the haze. Radiometric observations of the dust haze, reaching from 600 m to 6.25 km, were analyzed for haze IR transmission. A transfer model incorporating these transmission properties gave an average calculated IR cooling rate of 0.09 C/h for the entire haze layer as compared to a haze-free cloudless-troposphere cooling rate of 0.06 C/h for the same levels. The haze volume-absorption coefficient was approximately 0.042/km for layers of all depths. This uniformity of the haze transmission was further evident in the direct correlation of its transmission and optical depth.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 20
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared in situ observations of the West African Harmaltan Haze during the 1974 GATE field phase were conducted to determine the radiative properties of the tropospheric phenomenon and to develop a calculation model for radiative transfer through the haze. Radiometric observations of the dust haze were analyzed for haze infrared transmission. Infrared and tropospheric cooling rates are given together with the haze volume absorption rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Prelim. Sci. Results of the GARP Atlantic Trop. Expt., Vol. 2; p 299-323
    Format: text
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: 'Forward-looking' infrared measurements of water vapor from the C-141A Kuiper Airborne Observatory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center show large, distinctly identifiable, signal anomalies from 4 to 10 minutes in advance of subsequent encounters with clear air turbulence (CAT). These anomalies are characteristically different from the signals not followed by CAT encounters. Results of airborne field trials in which the infrared radiometer was used indicate that, out of 51 situations, 80 percent were CAT alerts followed by CAT encounters, 12 percent were 'false alarms' (CAT alerts not followed by CAT encounters), and 8 percent were CAT encounters not preceded by an infrared signal anomaly or CAT alert.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science; 196; June 3
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radiometrically inferred areal observations of the atmospheric water vapor burden have been made in the 270 to 520 per cm spectral band over western U.S. and the extreme eastern Pacific from the NASA C-141 Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Before this, very few observations from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over such a broad area have been made. A total of 30,600 individual observations from eight separate synoptic situations involving eight jet maxima were computer-averaged over 2-deg latitude x 2-deg longitude boxes and related to the polar continental jet. Mean water vapor burdens ranged from 0.00046 to 0.00143 g per sq cm at 13.4 km with a striking peak just north of the jet wind maximum over a region of strong upward vertical motion.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Sept
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  • 8
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A U-2 aircraft provided a platform for an infrared radiometer inferring water vapor burdens associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Flight altitudes were 16 to 23 km. The radiometer system, coupled with an algorithm to produce an inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation, resulted in an rms error of 20 percent in the inferred water vapor burden. A unique, bivariate solution including radiance and vertical temperature profiles produced an essentially real-time solution for the water vapor burden. Results of the July 1977 missions over the Canal Zone region between latitudes 7.5 degrees N and 11.0 degrees N are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 145-152
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 4 (1978), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Muscle rigor ; Cross bridge slippage ; ATP analogue ; Insect fibrillar muscle ; Muscle stiffness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Glycerol-extracted insect fibrillar muscle fibres in rigor exhibited both an elastic and a plastic phase in the length-tension diagram. The transition between these phases took place at a critical tension, the “yield point” or elastic limit. In the plastic phase the apparent static elastic modulus became zero, whereas the immediate elastic modulus (measured by rapid length changes completed within 4 ms) exhibited no abrupt change at the yield point. The tension value of the yield point (but not immediate stiffness) was lowered by addition of AMP-PNP and was partially restored by washing out AMP-PNP. The dependence of the critical tension at which plastic flow begins on cooperative cross bridge behaviour is discussed in terms of breaking and reforming acto-myosin linkages. Evidence is presented that addition of AMP-PNP induces slippage of cross bridges on the actin filament by affecting the interaction between myosin and actin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 4 (1978), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: ATP analogue ; Insect fibrillar muscle ; Stiffness per cross bridge ; Quick release-recovery ; Mechano-chemistry of muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The recovery in tension after release of a fibrillar muscle preparation as well as the fall in tension after restretch was found to be greater in presence of AMP-PNP than in its absence (rigor). The effect of AMP-PNP was concentration-dependent with an optimum at 0.1 mM corresponding to the dissociation constant of AMP-PNP from the myosin heads. This evidence supports the validity of the teinochemical principle which predicts a stretch-dependent AMP-PNP binding. The stiffness calculated per cross bridge was similar to that found by Huxley and Simmons (1971). It was further calculated that only 15% of the cross bridges are in a force-maintaining state in rigor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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