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  • SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING  (5)
  • Water migration  (2)
  • 1975-1979  (7)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat and water migration through normal skin: Part 2-Unsteady state (1979)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 311-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Heat transfer ; Skin ; Subcutaneous tissues ; Unsteady state ; Water migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An analytical model is developed to predict temperature variations in regional skin and subcutaneous tissues and the resulting heat and water losses in response to the changing environments. Consideration is given to heat conduction, molecular diffusion of water, capillary blood circulation, metabolic heat and water production, insensible perspiration, sweat secretion, and heat and water exchange with the environment through convection, radiation and evaporation. The resulting skin temperature and heat and water losses in the new environment are in good agreement with previous findings in the steady state. The effect of temperature change ΔT, the difference in final and initial temperatures, and relative humidity on time required to reach a new steady state are also studied. The time required to reach a new steady state increases sharply at small ΔT and then tapers off as ΔT increases. A relative humidity of 40% is found most desirable for human body to adjust to the new environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02443815
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat and water migration through normal skin: Part I—Steady state (1979)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Heat transfer ; Skin ; Steady state ; Subcutaneous tissues ; Water migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A thermal modelling technique is employed to determine temperature distributions in regional skin and subcutaneous tissues, and the resulting heat and water losses to the environment. Physical and physiological factors are taken into account, including heat conduction, molecular diffusion of water, capillary blood circulation, metabolic heat and water generation, insensible perspiration, sweat secretion and heat and water exchange with the environment through convection, radiation and evaporation. The results from analytical modelling are measured againstin vivo test data in the steady state from normal skin over an environmental temperature range from 20°C to 50°C with relative humidity of 40%. The effect of humidity on skin temperature and heat and water losses are studied. A relative humidity of 40% is found most desirable at high ambient temperatures. At low and moderate ambient temperature, a change in relative humidity does not produce any significant effect. The results of these findings agree well with experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02443814
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
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    Mission applications of the dual spacecraft tracking technique (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The potential application of the dual spacecraft tracking technique to the Voyager mission is discussed. The concept and technology status is reviewed and results pertaining to the JSX-Uranus option Saturn encounter, where potential navigation benefits are greatest, are presented. Results for a Jupiter encounter demonstration also are given and, finally, software modifications and tracking requirements are examined.
    Keywords: SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 82-89
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    A demonstration of dual spacecraft tracking conducted with the Viking spacecraft during the approach phase (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The potential improvements in navigation capability of dual spacecraft tracking were demonstrated using Viking approach data. Under unfavorable conditions of large plasma noise, low spacecraft declination and large earth-spacecraft distance, the dual spacecraft tracking technique improved the Viking B approach accuracy based on short-arc radio metric data, by a factor of 7, to less than 200 km at Mars orbit insertion minus 3 days. From the results of an analytical expansion and the Viking demonstration with a large intentional error in Mars ephemeris, that dual spacecraft data types are shown to be insensitive to ephemeris error. Results also reveal the potential reduction of tracking time requirements during planet approach.
    Keywords: SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 50-66
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Improvements in navigation resulting from the use of dual spacecraft radiometric data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: When two interplanetary spacecraft lie along similar geocentric lines-of-sight, navigational advantages may be achieved by navigating one spacecraft with respect to the other. Opportunities to employ this technique will become more common as more multiprobe missions are launched. The two Viking spacecraft and the two Mariner Jupiter/Saturn '77 spacecraft will be within two and three degrees of each other, respectively, for a large portion of their missions. Results of simulated analysis as well as the processing of real tracking data from the two Viking spacecraft reveal the following advantages of the dual spacecraft navigation technique: (1) cancellation of platform parameter and transmission media modeling errors in short arc solutions, (2) accurate encounter guidance for the trailing spacecraft, (3) reduction of total tracking requirements, and (4) rapid determination of the orbit following a maneuver on either spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 55-65
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Improvements in navigation resulting from the use of dual spacecraft radiometric data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: If two spacecraft lying along similar geocentric lines-of-sight are simultaneously tracked by two nearby ground stations (dual spacecraft two-station tracking), navigational capabilities may be substantially improved. A thorough accuracy analysis study of dual spacecraft tracking using simulated tracking data based on the trajectories of Viking and Mariner Jupiter-Saturn '77(MJS '77) missions has been carried out. Results of the study reveal the following advantages: (1) cancellation of platform parameter and transmission media modelling errors in short arc solutions, (2) accurate encounter guidance for the trailing spacecraft, (3) reduction of total tracking time requirements, and (4) rapid determination of the orbit following a maneuver on either spacecraft. It is shown that dual spacecraft data types can improve navigational capabilities by a factor of 5 to 10, under the conditions of small angular separation (not exceeding 3 degrees) of the two spacecraft and well determined trajectory of the reference spacecraft. The research to carry out and the data to obtain before the new technique can be used in interplanetary navigation are pointed out.
    Keywords: SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING
    Type: AIAA PAPER 76-834 , Astrodynamics Conference; Aug 18, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; San Diego, CA
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    A demonstration of dual spacecraft tracking conducted with the Viking spacecraft during the approach phase (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: In the case of interplanetary space missions involving two spacecraft, such as Viking, significant navigation advantages may sometimes be achieved (at least for the trailing vehicle) by determining the orbit of one relative to the other, or otherwise combining the data from the two spacecraft. Dual spacecraft navigation concepts have been investigated by Chao et al. (1976). New analytical models for the dual spacecraft data types are presented and results are reported from a more recent demonstration conducted during the approach phase of the Viking mission. The demonstration was based on data taken two weeks before Mars orbit insertion of the second Viking spacecraft. The demonstration was designed to show that the approaching probe could be tied accurately to the planet through the orbiter. Attention is given to the geometry of the Viking B approach trajectory, the accuracy of the delivered estimates for midcourse maneuvers, and an algorithm of data processing.
    Keywords: SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING
    Type: Astrodynamics Specialist Conference; Sept. 7-9, 1977; Jackson Hole, WY; US
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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