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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5)
  • Homeowners associations  (1)
  • 1975-1979  (2)
  • 1965-1969  (4)
  • 1950-1954
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 3 (1979), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Lake management ; Non-point source pollution ; Homeowners associations ; Adirondack Park ; Acid rain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine what role lakeshore homeowner associations might play in environmental management. Lakeshore homeowner associations are formally organized groups of individuals owning property on or in the vicinity of a lake. Lakeshore homeowner associations in the Adirondack Park region of New York State were investigated by both a questionnaire mailed to all presidents and an informal field survey of some permanent lakeshore residents. The study showed that many of these organizations have become highly involved in an array of environmental management activities during their relatively long history. These activities include monitoring septic tank seepage, regulating the use of motorboats, restricting shoreline development, and assisting state and local planning agencies in detecting zoning violations. Some lakeshore homeowner associations are not highly involved in activities designed to maintain or improve quality of the lake environment. These associations are concerned instead primarily with organizing social events and performing other miscellaneous activities, such as access road maintenance. These associations, however, report lower overall water quality in their lakes than those associations with a high degree of involvement in environmental management. The study uncovered two important factors that tend to undermine the ability of lakeshore homeowner associations to undertake environmental management activities. One is the extent of cooperation that can be expected from nonmember residents of the lakeshore, such as seasonal vacationers. The second is an environmental problem that does not originate locally and therefore cannot be controlled by a local organization. Acid precipitation, rated by association presidents as their foremost water quality concern, is one such problem in the Adirondack Park Region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ethylene oxide was polymerized with potassium 4-(phenylazo)benzylalcoholate (1f). The purified and fractionated products were acylated. The ultra-violet measurement of the end groups showed a large excess of hydroxyl end groups compared with the initiator end groups. Number average molecular weights (M̄n) could be derived from the content of the different end groups. The comparison with osmotically determined M̄n-values and viscosity average molecular weights (M̄η) confirms the supposed structure of polyethylene oxide.
    Notes: Äthylenoxid wurde mit Kalium-4-(phenylazo)benzylalkoholat (1f) polymerisiert, die gereinigten Produkte fraktioniert und anschließend acyliert. Die UV-photometrische Bestimmung der Endgruppen ergab, daß HO-Endgruppen, verglichen mit den Starterendgruppen, in großem Überschuß vorhanden waren. Aus den Endgruppenwerten ließen sich Zahlenmittel des Molekulargewichts (M̄n) ableiten. Sie wurden mit osmotisch bestimmten M̄n-Werten und Viskositätsmittel (M̄η)-verglichen und bestätigten die angenommene Struktur der Polyäthylenoxide.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1969), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Chlorwasserstoffabspaltung am Polyvinylchlorid wurde in phenolischen Lösungsmitteln unter Stickstoffatmosphäre im Bereich von 137° bis 206°C untersucht. Phenol, o-Cresol, Methyl-, Äthyl-, Amyl- und Phenylsalizylat wurden als Lösungsmittel verwendet. In Phenol war die Reaktion schnell und in Amylsalizylat langsam. Mit zunehmender Größe des Alkylrestes im Salizylat nahm die Geschwindigkeit der Abspaltung des Chlorwasserstoffs ab. In Amylsalizylat war die Aktivierunsenergie niedriger (26 Kcal/mol) als in o-Cresol (29 Kcal/mol) bei den anderen Lösungsmitteln lagen die Werte dazwischen. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich durch die unterschiedliche Aktivität des phenolischen Wasserstoffs und die sterische Hinderung der verschiedenen Lsöungsmittel erklären.
    Notes: The thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride in phenolic solvents has been investigated in an atmosphere of nitrogen in the temperature range 137-206°C. The solvents used were phenol, o-cresol, methyl, ethyl, amyl, and phenyl salicylates. The reaction was fast in phenol and slow in amyl salicylate. The rate of dehydrochlorination decreased with increasing size of the alkyl side chain in salicylates. The activation energy was low in amyl salicylate (26 kcal/mole) and high in o-cresol (29 kcal/mole), and for other solvents it was in between these two values. The results have been explained as being due to the variation in the reactivity of phenolic hydrogen and to steric factors of the various substituents.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Investigations on polyethylene oxides, obtained from potassium alkoxide of 4-benzolazo-benzyl alcohal and oxide show that each polyethylene oxide molecule did not contain an initiator end group. The anticipatod chain transfer due to traces of water was proved and determined quantitatively as follows. A quantitative reaction of polyethylene oxide with the anhydride of 4-benzolazo-benzoic acid gave the amount of HO-endgroups with the help of colorimetric measurements. A comparison of the amount of initiator end groups with the amount of HO-end groups show a large excess of HO-end groups. The number average molecular weights (M̄n) of polyethylene oxide fractions, which were calculated under the assumption that there exist polymer molecules with one initiator end groups and one HO-end group along with those with two HO-end groups, are in agreement with the viscometrically determined molecular weights (M̄η). The molecular weights without chain transfer are calculated from the end groups originating from the starter. A chain transfer equation was derived by the analysis of the various end groups and the different molecular weights, which corresponds to one derived by MAYO.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung von Polyäthylenoxiden, die mit dem Kaliumalkoholat von 4-Benzolazo-benzylalkohol und Äthylenoxid erhalten wurden, ergab, daß nicht jedes Polyäthylenoxidmolekül eine Endgruppc aus dein Polymerisationsstarter enthielt. Die vermutete Übertragungsreaktion mit Wasserspuren wurde folgendermaßen nachgewiesen und quantative bestimint. Eine quantitative Umsetzung der Polyäthylenoxide mit(4-Benzolazobenzoesä-)anhydrid gab mittels colorimetrischer Messungen den Gehalt an HO-Endgruppen. Der Vergleich des Gehaltes an Endgruppen aus dem Starter mit dem HO-Endgruppengehalt zeigte ein starkes Überwiegen der HO-Endgruppen. Die Zahlenmittel der Molekulargewichte (M̄n) von Polyäthylenoxidfraktionen, die unter der Annahme berechnct wurden, daß Polymermoleküle mit einer Endgruppe aus dem Starter und einer HO-Endgruppe neben Polymermolekülen mit zwei HO-Endgruppen vorliegen, stimmten mit den viskosimetrisch bestimmten Molekulargewichten (M̄η) überein.Daneben lassen sich Molekulargewichte aus den Endgruppen berechnen, die aus dem Starter stammen, ohne eine 4UUbertragungsreaktion zu berücksichtigen. Aus den Gehalten der verschiedenen Endgruppen und aus den verschiedenen Molekulargewichten wird eine Übertragungsgleichung abgeleitet, die der von MAYO gegebenen entspricht.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ethylene oxide can be polymerised with potassium alkoxide of 4-benzoazo-benzyl alcohol. Polyethylene oxides thus obtained are found to contain additional U.V. absorption which is accounted for covalent incorporated C6H5N=NC6H4 (p) CH2O-groups. Assuming the usual mechanism of anionic polymerisation each polyethylene oxide molecule should contain one end group with a characteristic absorption. After fractionation of polyethylene oxide obtained in this manner, extinctions of similar polymer concentrations do not follow the expected relationship that the lower the extinction, the higher the molecular weight. Furthermore, when one determines the amount of C6H5N=NC6H4 (p) CH2O-groups quantitatively and assumes one coloured end group for each polyethylene oxide molecule, the number average molecular weight (M̄n) can be calculated. The M̄n values obtained are higher than those determined viscometrically (M̄η). This clearly shows the assumed mechanism of polymerisation with respect to the obtained structure of polymer does not apply in this case.
    Notes: Äthylenoxid läßt sich mit dem Kaliumalkoholat von 4-Benzolazo-benzylalkohol polymerisieren. Dabei erhalten die Polyäthylenoxide eine zusätzliche UV-Absorption, die auf covalent eingebaute C6H5N=NC6H4 (p) CH2O-Gruppen zurückzuführen ist. Wenn der übliche Mechanismus der anionischen Polymerisation gilt, sollte jedes Polyäthylenoxidmolekül eine besonders absorbierende Endgruppe enthalten. Fraktioniert man die mit dem Alkoholat hergestellten Polyäthylenoxide, so ist die Extinktion bei gleicher Polymerkonzentration nicht wie erwartet um so größer, je kleiner das Molekulargewicht ist. Bestimmt man ferner quantitativ den Gehalt an C6H5N=NC6H4 (p) CH2O-Gruppen in Polyäthylenoxidfraktionen und nimmt eine farbige Endgruppe je Polyäthylenoxidmolekül an, so kann man daraus die Zahlenmittel des Molekulargewichts (Mn) der Polyäthylenoxidfraktionen berechnen. Die M̄n-Werte sind größer als die viskosimetrisch bestimmten Molekulargewichte (M̄η). Das bestätigt eindeutig, daß sowohl der angenommene Polymerisationsmechanismus als auch die angenommene Polymerstruktur nicht zutreffen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 6 (1968), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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