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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When cervical segments 14 to 15 of the chicken spinal cord are cut transversely and studied by routine histological and histochemical methods, an onion-shaped region, filled with thread-like fibers, if seen to surround the ependymal cells of the central canal and to be bounded laterally by the neural elements of the spinal gray matter. This area is negative for succinic dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase activity, but very strongly periodic acid-Schiff positive. Diastase controls show the positive material to be glycogen. Parasagittal sections through this cervical region and into the upper thoracic cord, show the glycogen-rich region to extend longitudinally throughout the region. Because of its location and histochemical characterization, which, He similar to that of the ventral portion of the glycogen body, the term brachial glycogen budy is proposed for this structure.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 140 (1973), S. 307-319 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spermatogonia of the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus, were studied morphologically using light and electron microscopy and examined histochemically using light microscopy. Immature flat type spermatogonia have ovoid or irregular nuclei with loosely condensed chromatin. Free ribosomes are abundant while profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum are scarce. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a prominent feature occasionally taking an unusual cylindrical form. Mature spermatogonia exhibit rounder nuclei with greater degrees of chromatin clumping. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is no longer prominent whereas profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum are quite common. Occasional lysosomal configurations are found in mature spermatogonia.The majority of spermatogonial cells exhibit weak to moderate reactivity when stained with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. Certain cells in each tubular cross section stain vividly with this reaction and the PAS positivity is removable with salivary amylase. Because of nuclear characteristics, position of the cell immediately upon the basal lamina, intensity of the PAS reaction and the relative paucity of the vividly staining cells, it is suggested that they are members of the immature spermatogonial cell line, perhaps acting as stem cells. None of the several other histochemical procedures employed was capable of selectively demonstrating these cells.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structure of the ion transporting epithelium of the neck organ in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplius is described. The neck organ is a dome-like gland situated atop the cephalothorax of the larva and is composed of 50 to 60 cuboidal epithelial cells. These cells possess many of the characteristics of salt-secretory cells from other tissues. They contain many mitochondria and exhibit a high degree of plasma membrane elaboration. This membrane amplification takes two forms; the apical plasmalemma is infolded into irregular loops, while the basal and lateral membranes penetrate the cytoplasm in the form of branching sinusoids. The labyrinth of tubular reticulum thus formed fills most of the cell volume. Mitochondria in the labyrinth are often in intimate contact with these tubular membranes and regular arrays of parallel mitochondria with constricted intervening sinusoids are often observed. Other organelles including Golgi complexes, multivesicular bodies, and rough endoplasmic reticulum are also numerous, particularly in the narrow rim of cytoplasm which lies between the apical infolds and the labyrinth. Yolk platelets and glycogen fields are conspicuous in the basal perinuclear regions of the cells.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chromatolysis study, 14 to 21 days following denervation, showed the spinal cord representation of the nerve to the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle to be in the ventrolateral cell column between cervical ganglia 14 and 15. To characterize cervical neurons not undergoing chromatolysis, histochemical studies were done on the cords of additional nondenervated animals. Staining reactions for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase did not reveal any quantitative differences between motor neurons in cervical segments 14 and 15 of normal and dystrophic birds. Motor neurons are positive for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase, but the surrounding neuropil is positive for the latter only. No pseudochlinesterase activity is found in the ventral horn cells, but true cholinesterase is present in most of the neurons. With the periodic acid-Schiff reaction the dystrophic cords exhibit many neurons with large amounts of glycogen in them. Normal cords examined show either no glycogen positive cells or an occasional ventral horn cell with much glycogen in it. Normal muscles contain less succinic dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase positive fibers than dystrophic muscle. More periodic acid-Schiff positive fibers are present in normal muscles than in dystrophic muscle. The motor endplates in normal muscle contain only true cholinesterase. Both true and pseudocholinesterase activity is present in the motor endplates of dystrophic muscle.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines. Very similar adaptations of the wrist among the Hominoidea, lorisines, and two-toed sloths clearly refute contentions of Lewis and strengthen the hypothesis of Cartmill and Milton that the traits common to those animals are due to similar slow, cautious, but acrobatic locomotion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 141 (1973), S. 345-357 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mutant gene srn produces sireniform abnormalities in the mouse. The effects of this gene on normal prenatal development were examined histologically by retrograde analysis from day 10 through day 18 of gestation.The sireniformphenotype is characterized by the fusion of the hindlimbs and accompanying defects of the posterior appendicular skeleton. Visceral defects involve the urogenital system and the lower intestinal tract. A single umbilical artery arises from the dorsal aorta and controls the fetal circulatory pathway normally mediated by the lateral umbilical arteries. This artery is believed to have resulted from the fusion of the paired primitive umbilical arteries.It is suggested that the srn mutation causes a narrowing of the posterior amnion early in development. The resulting abnormal pressure causes a dorsal displacement of the hindgut, allowing fusion of the hindlimb buds. Abnormal structural relationships and pressure in the narrowed posteriior region disrupt normal urogenital and intestinal development and increase the proximity of the primitive umbilical arteries.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The origin of supernumerary gonapophyses in a polymorphic variant of Aedes stimulans has been determined histologically. Genotypic males (Mm) will develop gonapophyses on abdominal segment 8 when primordia on the larvae are subjected to a high-to-low thermal regimen. The gonapophyses develop from the normally evanescent podal buds of the eighth imaginal disc. Their course of development is similar to that of the normal gonapophyses that arise from the podal buds of the ninth imaginal disc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 385-420 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The masticatory apparatus of the vespertilionid bat Myotis lucifugus appears generalized. Principal modifications for more efficient trituration have involved accessory tooth cusps. Chewing strokes pass through orbits (up to 7/sec) involving translations along and rotation about three axes. Direction of chewing typically reverses by at least the fifth or sixth consecutive orbit. Reversal involves modification of the downstroke at varying positions along its course. Compared to certain other bats, which do not utilize oral phonation for echolocation, Myotis chews much more rapidly, with many more degrees of freedom in orbital configuration. The overall envelope of motion is remarkably similar in all these species. The jaw muscles of Myotis act asymetrically, and in more than one direction as the orbit progresses. They overlap in their periods of activity forming a continually-modified muscular sling. Unilateral force couples facilitate orthal rotation at the condyles and movements of them. Bilateral couples, pitting protrusors of one side against retrusors of the other, facilitate lateral translation. The pterygoids are instrumental in continuing motion across the top and bottom of the orbit. Countercontractions are particularly important in stabilizing and protecting the temporomandibular joints. The mandibular symphyseal joint appears to act passively, providing additional flexibility for the system. Higher nervous control beyond the simple jaw-opening reflex appears necessary to explain the firing order of the digastrics and the phase relationship of orbital reversal to overall muscular firing intensity. Control mechanisms, ancillary phenomena and comparative aspects are discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Post-fertilization events leading to the cleavage of the zygote of the sea-urchin, Arbacia punctulata were examined with the light and electron microscopes. Prior to prophase of the first cleavage division, endoplasmic reticulum and annulate lamellae become organized around the zygotic nucleus to produce a crescent-shaped structure which is defined as the streak (Harvey, '56). With the advent of prophase the streak undergoes morphogenic events which lead to the formation of the mitotic asters. During this transition there is a loss of annulate lamellae and a concomitant increase in endoplasmic reticulum. Annulate lamellae are not found as a part of the mitotic apparatus and are not again observed within the embryo until the two cell stage. During telophase, karyomeres are formed which consist of chromosomes delimited by a porous bilaminar envelope. Blastomere nuclei are produced following the fusion of the outer laminae, and subsequently by the fusion of the inner laminae of the envelopes encompassing the karyomeres.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 71-89 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Relationships between the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, the olfactory bulb, and olfactory acuity were explored using material from 13 of the 17 bat families.All megachiropteran cribriform plates were entirely perforated. In contrast, microchiropteran plates showed distinct perforated portions dorsally and nonperforated portions ventrally. The plates of frugivorous species had more foramina than those of insectivorous ones. Bats with mixed dietary habits were intermediate. Our data suggest that the Chilonycterinae were originally frugivorous, and have only secondarily reverted to an insectivorous diet.Trend analyses show that wherever dietary preference appears to favor a more acute sense of smell, bulb diameter tends to be larger. In general, frugivorous bats tend to have bulbs exceeding 2 mm in diameter; insectivorous bats tend to have bulb diameters of 2 mm or less. The number of foramina in the plates and total cribriform plate area tends to increase as a function of bulb area, but the plate area the foramina occupied increases as a function of bulb volume. The ratio of the size of the bulb to the size of the cerebral hemisphere does not predict olfactory acuity in bats.
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