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  • Thermodynamics  (3)
  • Deep-sea crustaceans  (2)
  • Springer  (5)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Oxford University Press
  • Springer Nature
  • 1975-1979  (5)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
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  • Springer  (5)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Oxford University Press
  • Springer Nature
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; Apatite ; Octacalcium phosphate ; Tricalcium phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A thermodynamic analysis has been made of the secondary transition stage in the spontaneous precipitation of calcium phosphate following the amorphous-crystalline transformation. The first formed crystalline material has a solubility similar to that of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and the computed thermodynamic solubility product remains invariant in the pH range 7.00–8.60. The duration of the secondary stage is sensitive to pH and the transition appears to occur by hydrolysis of the first formed OCP-like phase to a more basic apatitic phase with a tricalcium phosphate (TCP) stoichiometry. The crystalline material at the end of this transition has an invariant solubility product, in the pH range 7.00 to 8.60, when the TCP-like molecular formula is assumed. Changes in the solution chemistry which accompany the solid-tosolid transitions are consistent with the above conclusions. The results of this study are also consistent with those of a previous study which suggest that the stability of the amorphous calcium phosphate phase is dependent upon the instability of the solution phase with respect to OCP formation.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous calcium phosphate ; Thermodynamics ; Apatite ; Octacalcium phosphate ; Tricalcium phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A thermodynamic analysis of the precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and its transformation to crystalline apatite has been made. A nearly constant ion product, over a wide variety of conditions, was obtained for a tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-like phase suggesting that the molecular unit which governs the solubility of ACP may be similar in composition to TCP. The introduction of 10% acid phosphate into the formula for the TCP ion product improves the fit of experimental data and results in an invariant ion product. The stability of ACP in solution was found to be dependent upon its thermodynamic instability with respect to an octacalcium phosphate (OCP)-like phase. The dependence of the induction period for the amorphous to crystalline transformation upon the pH and the Ca/P ratio of the solution is best explained by the assumption that an OCP-like phase is initially nucleated on the surfaces of the ACP particles. The events that occur in the immediate post-transition period suggest the hydrolysis of this OCP-like material to an apatitic phase.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxide ; Hydroxyapatite ; Titration ; Precipitation ; Thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method is described for determination of the titratable hydroxide ion in calcium phosphate precipitates. The procedure requires accurate analysis of the other titratable species in the crystal lattice but is unaffected by the presence of other lattice constituents or impurities. The method was applied to precipitates that had been previously analyzed by solution thermodynamic techniques, and the results were consistent with the earlier observations. The hydroxide content of the precipitates increased with crystal maturity and with increasing pH of the precipitation medium. The hydroxide content of the amorphous phase and the immediate post-amorphous-crystalline transformation phase was shown to be nearly zero. After 3 to 4 days' maturation, the hydroxide content of precipitates prepared at pH values of 7, 8, and 9 was shown to increase to approximately 23, 40, 56% of that required for pure hydroxyapatite.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 59-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eyes ; Arthropod vision ; Deep-sea crustaceans ; Ultrastructure ; Thysanopoda tricuspidata (Euphausiacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The compound eyes of the mesopelagic euphausiid Thysanopoda tricuspidata were investigated by light-, scanning-, and transmission electron microscopy. The eyes are spherical and have a diameter that corresponds to 1/6 of the carapace length. The hexagonal facets have strongly curved outer surfaces. Although there are four crystalline cone cells, only two participate in the formation of the cone, which is 90–120 μm long and appears to have a radial gradient of refractive index. The clear zone, separating dioptric structures and retinula, is only 90–120 μm wide. In it lie the very large oval nuclei of the seven retinula cells. Directly in front of the 70 μm long and 15 μm thick rhabdom a lens-like structure of 12 μm diameter is developed. This structure, known in only a very few arthropods, seems to be present in all species of Euphausiacea studied to date. It is believed that the rhabdom lens improves near-field vision and absolute light sensitivity. Rod-shaped pigment grains and mitochondria of the tubular type are found in the plasma of retinula cells. The position of the proximal screening pigment as well as the microvillar organization in the rhadbdom are indicative of light-adapted material. The orthogonal alignment of rhabdovilli suggests polarization sensitivity. Behind each rhabdom there is a cup-shaped homogeneous structure of unknown, but possibly optical function. Finally, the structure and the function of the euphysiid eye are reviewed and the functional implications of individual components are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 337-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arthropod vision ; Deep-sea crustaceans ; Streetsia (Amphipoda) ; Eye ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Streetsia challengeri sind linkes und rechtes Auge zu einem einzigen zylindrischen Auge zusammengewachsen, das die basale Hälfte eines nach vorn weisenden ‘Kopfhorns’ bildet. Dieses ungewöhnliche Komplexauge besteht aus ca. 2500 Ommatidien, die auf Grund ihrer besonderen Anordnung dem Tier zwar ein Sehfeld von 360° verleihen, es ihm aber nicht ermöglichen, nach vorn oder nach hinten zu sehen. Es wird vermutet, daß das Auge nach Lichtleiterprinzipien arbeitet, und daß die Kristallkegel die Hauptelemente des dioptrischen Apparates sind. Kristallkegel und Retinula werden voneinander durch eine 4 μm dicke Schicht getrennt, die aus winzigen Pigmentgrana von 0.15μm Durchmesser besteht. Benachbarte Ommatidien in anterio-posteriorer Richtung zeigen eine größere Überlappung des Sehfeldes als dorso-ventral benachbarte Ommatidien. Zellen unbekannter Herkunft und Funktion mit ungewöhnlichen multitubulären Organellen wurden regelmäßig nahe der Kristallkegelenden gefunden. Die schraubigen Rhabdome haben einen Durchmesser von 18–20 μm; ihre Mikrovilli messen 0.05μm im Querschnitt. Mikrovilli gehören 5 Retinulazellen an und zeigen keinerlei Anzeichen von Disintegration trotz Helladaptation. Letztere manifestiert sich in der Position der interommatidialen Pigmentkörner, der geringen Weite des perirhabdomalen Zwischenraumes und der Dichte vesikulärer und anderer intrazellulärer Körper in den Retinulazellen. Retinula-Zellkerne befinden sich auf der proximalen Seite der stark pigmentierten Basalmembran. Ein Tapetum oder basale Retinulazellen sind nicht entwickelt. Es wird gefolgert, daß das Auge Sehschärfe und Empfindlichkeit optimal vereinigt, und daß es zur Entfernungsmessung u.a. das Phänomen der Parallaxis verwendet.
    Notes: Summary In Streetsia challengeri left and right eyes have fused and become a single cylindrical photoreceptor, which occupies the basal half of a forward directed head projection. This unusual compound eye consists of approximately 2500 ommatidia, which are arranged in such a way that the animal has almost circumferential vision, but cannot look ahead or behind. It is thought that the eye operates on light-guide principles, and that the crystalline cones are the major dioptric component. Ommatidia in anterior-posterior rows show a greater overlap of visual fields than dorso-ventrally arranged ommatidia. Cone layer and retinula are separated by a 4 μm thick screen-membrane, which contains tiny pigment granules of 0.15 μm diameter. Cells of unknown function and origin, containing unusual multitubular organelles, are regularly found near the proximal ends of the crystalline cone threads. The twisted rhabdoms measure 18–20 μm in diameter, and consist of microvilli 0.05 μm in width, which belong to five retinula cells and which show no trace of disintegration. The position of interommatidial screening pigment, the density of retinula cell vesicles and inclusions, and the narrowness of the perirhabdomal space all suggest that the eyes have been light-adapted at the time of fixation for electron microscopy. The retinula cell nuclei lie on the proximal side of the heavily pigmented basement membrane. A tapetum or basal retinula cells are not developed. It is concluded that the eye optimally combines acuity with sensitivity, and that for distance estimation parallax may be important.
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