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  • 1
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    Primary separation between three aircraft using traffic displays (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of a sophisticated traffic and map display termed electronic flight rules (EFR) by general aviation pilots for primary seperation in low density airspace is studied. The experimental flights were made under four conditions: with and without sensor noise in the traffic information and with and without communications for traffic coordination. Pilots were required to maintain two miles horizontal and 500 ft vertical separation from other aircraft for 24 different traffic situations repeated randomly for each of the four experimental conditions. Of 1152 aircraft encounters 12.8 percent were in violation of separation minimums. In general, the effects of sensor noise were minimal, communications affected some of the measures, and the group effect was quite significant. When pilots were able to communicate and coordinate their maneuvers, the time to resolve conflict was reduced.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Conflict resolution maneuvers during near miss encounters with cockpit traffic displays (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The benefits and liabilities associated with pilots' use of a cockpit traffic display to assess the threat posed by air traffic and to make small maneuvers to avoid situations which would result in collision avoidance advisories are experimentally studied. The crew's task was to fly a simulated wide-body aircraft along a straight course at constant altitude while intruder aircraft appeared on a variety of converging trajectories. The main experimental variables were the amount and quality of the information displayed on the intruder aircraft's estimated future position. Pilots were to maintain a horizontal separation of at least 1.5 nautical miles or a vertical separation of 500 ft, so that collision avoidance advisories would not be triggered. The results show that pilots could usually maneuver to provide the specified separation but often made course deviations greater than 1.5 nm or 500 ft.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Perception of horizontal aircraft separation on a cockpit display of traffic information (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of various display symbologies in a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) on pilot perception of horizontal aircraft separation is investigated. In a series of nine experiments using different combinations of display symbology, information update rate, display viewing time and encounter geometry, subjects were asked to predict whether an intruder aircraft would pass in front of or behind their own aircraft. It is found that displayed history did not improve task performance, although it was desired by the pilots when no other display of aircraft turn rate was available, and that pilots made fewer errors when they had predictive information. Variations in the rate of updating information from 0.1 to 4 sec and viewing times from 1 to 16 sec are not observed to affect performance. It is concluded that the present task, which may arise in a collision avoidance situation, would require an onboard computer to make a prediction of relative aircraft position and display it on the CDTI.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Human Factors; 22; Oct. 198
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Separation Monitoring with Four Types of Predictors on a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A clear and concise display format for use in later full mission simulator evaluation of the cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) concept was studied. This experiment required airline pilots to monitor a CDTI and make perceptual judgments concerning the future position of a single intruder aircraft in relationship to their own aircraft (ownship). The main experimental variable was the type of predictor used to display future position of each aircraft. Predictors were referenced to the ground or to ownship and they either included turn rate information or did not. Other variables were the aircraft's separation distance when the judgment was required and the type of encounter (straight or turning). Results indicate that under these experimental conditions fewer errors were made when the predictor included turn rate information. There was little difference in overall error rate for the curved ground referenced and the ownship referenced predictors.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: 16th Ann. Conf. on Manual Control; p 439-446
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Horizontal Conflict Resolution Maneuvers with a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Pilot resolution of potential conflicts in the horizontal plane when the only information available on the other aircraft was presented on a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) is investigated. The pilot's task was to assess the situation and if necessary maneuver so as to avoid the other aircraft. No instructions were given on evasive strategy or on what was considered to be an acceptable minimum separation. The results indicate that pilots had a strong bias of turning toward the intruder aircraft in order to pass behind it. In more than 50% of the encounters with a 90 degree crossing angle in which the intruder aircraft was programmed to pass behind the aircraft, the pilots maneuvered so as to pass behind the intruder. This bias was not as strong with the display which showed a prediction of the intruder's relative velocity. The average miss distance for all encounters was about 4500 feet.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 17th Ann. Conf. on Manual control; p 51-62
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Effect of display update interval, update type, and background on perception of aircraft separation on a cockpit display on traffic information (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The concept of a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) includes the integration of air traffic, navigation, and other pertinent information in a single electronic display in the cockpit. Concise display symbology was developed for use in later full-mission simulator evaluations of the CDTI concept. Experimental variables used included the update interval motion of the aircraft, the update type, (that is, whether the two aircraft were updated at the same update interval or not), the background (grid pattern or no background), and encounter type (straight or curved). Only the type of encounter affected performance.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-81171 , A-8070
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Perception of aircraft separation with pilot-preferred symbology on a cockpit display of traffic information (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The concept of a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) was developed for use in later full mission simulator evaluations of the CDTI concept. Pilots chose their preferred method of displaying air traffic information for several variables. Variables included: type of background, update rate, update type, predictor type, and history type. Each pilot designed a display he felt would be most useful in flight operations. After a series of test trials, each pilot was given the opportunity to modify the display for the experimental task. For a second day of testing, they repeated the experimental task using their display as well as displays chosen by other pilots. Results indicated a variety of individual preferences in symbology and differences in the accuracy of judgments. Pilots indicated concern for clutter of the display, relationship of the displayed symbology to physical reality, and a need to perceive the relative motion of the intruder aircraft. Analysis of data indicated that pilots were able to improve their performance with practice.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-81172 , A-8107
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Effect of field of view and monocular viewing on angular size judgements in an outdoor scene (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observers typically overestimate the angular size of distant objects. Significantly, overestimations are greater in outdoor settings than in aircraft visual-scene simulators. The effect of field of view and monocular and binocular viewing conditions on angular size estimation in an outdoor field was examined. Subjects adjusted the size of a variable triangle to match the angular size of a standard triangle set at three greater distances. Goggles were used to vary the field of view from 11.5 deg to 90 deg for both monocular and binocular viewing. In addition, an unrestricted monocular and binocular viewing condition was used. It is concluded that neither restricted fields of view similar to those present in visual simulators nor the restriction of monocular viewing causes a significant loss in depth perception in outdoor settings. Thus, neither factor should significantly affect the depth realism of visual simulators.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-81176 , A-8083
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    The effect of viewing time, time to encounter, and practice on perception of aircraft separation on a cockpit display of traffic information (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The concept of a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) includes the integration of air traffic, navigation, and other pertinent information in a single electronic display in the cockpit. Two studies were conducted to develop a clear and concise display format for use in later full-mission simulator evaluations of the CDTI concept. Subjects were required to monitor a CDTI for specified periods of time and to make perceptual judgments concerning the future position of a single intruder aircraft in relationship to their own aircraft. Experimental variables included: type of predictor information displayed on the two aircraft symbols; time to encounter point; length of time subjects viewed the display; amount of practice; and type of encounter (straight or turning). Results show that length of viewing time had little or no effect on performance; time to encounter influenced performance with the straight predictor but did not with the curved predictor; and that learning occurred under all conditions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-81173 , A-8072
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Threat perception while viewing single intruder conflicts on a cockpit display of traffic information (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Subjective estimates of the threat posed by a single intruder aircraft were determined by showing pilots photographs of a cockpit display of traffic information. The time the intruder was away from the point of minimum separation was found to be the major determinant of the perception of threat. When asked to choose a maneuver to reduce the conflict, pilots selected maneuvers with a bias toward those that would have kept the intruders in sight had they been visible out the cockpit window.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-81341 , A-8798
    Format: application/pdf
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