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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using hybrid and backcross larvae of Papilio canadensis and Papilio glaucus to detect induced phytochemical resistance in hybrid poplar trees experimentally defoliated by gypsy moths (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: hybrid genotypes ; herbivore defoliation ; phytochemical induction ; differential growth rates ; indirect competition ; phenolic glycoside detoxification ; Lymantria dispar ; Papilionidae ; tiger swallowtail butterflies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sub-plots of hybrid poplars were experimentally defoliated using 10 million gypsy moth larvae. Half of the defoliated (and undefoliated control) plots were fertilized to see if this would ameliorate the predicted induction of carbon-based phenolic defenses in the regrowth leaves. In order to bioassay the leaves of the four different treatments, we employed a continuum of genotypes (different hybrids and backcrosses of two different species of tiger swallowtail butterflies) with different abilities to detoxify these allelochemicals. Based on our previous studies with phytochemicals from the Salicaceae plant family, Papilio canadensis was likely to consume and process all Populus spp treatments, whereas P. glaucus predicted to either not consume or else quickly die on all Populus treatment leaves. Hybrid and backcross larvae of these two butterfly species are known to have intermediate levels of esterase detoxication enzymes and would therefore be likely to provide a continuum or at least varying degrees of sensitivity in bioassays for even the most subtle induction responses in the regrowth leaves. This presumption was supported in the feeding and growth studies conducted at different times post-defoliation during the 1997 growing season in Michigan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003653424417
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new ‘Cold Pocket’ hypothesis to explain local host preference shifts in Papilio canadensis (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 315-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: phylogeny ; host shift ; climate ; abiotic thermal constraints ; leaf quality ; phenology ; larval growth ; oviposition preference ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194782
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of sequentially switching foodplants upon biomass and nitrogen utilization by polyphagous and stenophagous Papilio larvae (1979)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 25 (1979), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux de consommation, les rendements de transformation, les bilans de biomasse et d'azote, et la croissance de chenilles herbivores de Papilio glaucus et Papilio troilus ont été déterminés sur les plantes-hôtes naturelles dans des conditions écologiques contrôlées. Les effets d'une alternance périodique des plantes-hôtes tous les 2 jours ont été déterminés dans des expériences supplémentaires. Sur Sassafras (Lauraceae), Papilio troilus, plus spécialiste, croît plus vite et avec un meilleur rendement que Papilio glaucus, espèce généraliste. La croissance des 2 espèces de Papilio est supprimée quand on les oblige à changes d'aliments. Les gains en poids des larves et les poids finaux des chrysalides dans des séries alternantes sont intermédiaires, atteignant les moyennes observées entre les meilleures et pires alimentations avec une espèce végétale unique. Bien que l'on puisse conclure que l'alternance des plantes consommées réduit généralement la consommation et la conversion de la biomasse végétale des plantes-hôtes, Papilio glaucus est capable de survivre sur Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae) alternant avec cerisier et frêne, alors que toutes les chenilles meurent sur L. benzoin seul. D'autres faits montrent que cette Lauraceae ne peut être qu'occasionnellement acceptable comme plante-hôte naturelle par Papilio glaucus, tandis qu'elle est essentielle pour les populations plus spécialisées de P. troilus. Ceci suggère que toute classification en généraliste, ou polyphage, doit être accompagnée d'une discussion se référant à l'espèce, la population ou aux larves elles-mêmes. Des informations quantitatives sur des plantes supplémentaires seraient utiles pour distinguer entre l'aptitude des espèces et celle des individus à consommer des plantes-hôtes fournies alternativement ou simultanément.
    Notes: Abstract The eastern swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, is often classified as a polyphagous species but growth of individuals is hindered rather than aided by feeding on a sequence of plants in no-choice situations. The spicebush swallowtail, Papilio troilus, is a close relative of P. glaucus. P. troilus has restricted its feeding primarily to the Lauraceae and the efficiency of P. troilus larvae in utilizing foodplants in this family is 2 x – 3 x that of the generalized P. glaucus larvae. Again, however, a sequence of acceptable foods reduces rather than favors larval growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305472
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of leaf-water supplementation upon post-ingestive nutritional indices of forb-, shrub-, vine-, and tree-feeding Lepidoptera (1979)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 25 (1979), S. 240-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La croissance des chenilles est supprimée quand la teneur en eau des feuilles coupées n'est pas maintenue proche de la saturation grâce à une humidité ambiante élevée et grâce à un apport d'eau supplémentaire par le pétiole. La comparaison des effets sur le développement larvaire de 16 espèces de Lépidoptères avec ou sans apport supplémentaire d'eau foliaire a été effectuée au cours de 87 expériences. L'absence d'apport supplémentaire d'eau affecte la croissance des chenilles alimentées sur feuilles. Les effets les plus marqués s'observent sur l'avant dernier stade et sont plus nets sur les chenilles consommant les feuilles d'arbres que sur celles consommant les plantes herbacées. L'E.C.D. (efficacité de conversion de la biomasse digérée) subit la réduction la plus nette, particulièrement chez les chenilles consommatrices de feuilles d'arbres. La teneur en eau de ces dernières est faible même quand elles sont saturées. La croissance des chenilles observée dans ces expériences laisse supposer que les feuilles d'arbres, avec une teneur à saturation de 50% à 75% d'eau, ne permettent pas le taux de croissance des chenilles des plantes herbacées dont la teneur en eau est de 80% à 95%. Un apport supplémentaire en eau pour les feuilles d'arbres peut empêcher la combustion superflue de biomasse assimilée et d'énergie pour l'eau métabolique, ainsi que toutes les tentatives pour mesurer les dépenses respiratoires liées au degré de spécialisation alimentaire larvaire ou les possibilités de détoxification devraient comprendre un apport supplémentaire d'eau pour maintenir la saturation des feuilles coupées. Même alors, l'efficacité des conversions de biomasse végétale, d'énérgie et d'azote pendant la croissance larvaire dépend fortement des disponibilités, pour les larves, des différentes plantes-hôtes, en eau foliaire.
    Notes: Abstract Unless leaf-water content is maintained near the saturation level of excised leaves via high humidities and leaf-water supplementation via the petiole, larval growth is suppressed. In 87 paired feeding experiments involving sixteen species of Lepidoptera, the effects on larval growth of leaves with, and without, leaf-water supplementation were compared. Suppressive effects upon the efficiencies of larval growth were observed for larvae fed leaves without water supplementation. These effects were more pronounced for tree leaf-feeders than for forb leaf-feeders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302785
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential diets, metabolic costs, and growth of Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding upon dill, lima bean, and cabbage (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 51 (1981), S. 175-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study illustrates the diversity of feeding responses of individually polyphagous southern armyworms, Spodoptera eridania, to plants with differing allelochemics. In spite of the near optimal leaf water and nitrogen contents of the young foliage, it is apparent that vastly different larval growth performance results from dill, lima bean, and cabbage. Cabbage is the poorest food (as measured by larval growth rates and metabolic costs of processing the plant biomass). Unlike the case with certain other plant species or cultivars that are costly to process, with cabbage, S. eridania does not compensate for low efficiencies (E.C.D.'s) with increased consumption rates (R.C.R.'s). Biochemical or physiological reasons for this inability are unknown. A sequence of foods (changed each 18–24 h) apparently did not add sufficient stress upon the MFO system to be detected in the respiratory expenditures of S. eridania larvae, in spite of the fact that dill is known to contain insecticidal and synergistic chemicals (Lichtenstein et al. 1974). The larval growth performances and metabolic expenditures in these sequences were intermediate between the best food (dill) and the worse (cabbage). Significant differences were observed however between the sequential switching sequences, perhaps indicating that particular periods during the instar are especially more sensitive to certain allelochemics. Actual respiratory costs of the lima bean-cabbage-dill (i.e. B-C-D) sequence were 40–50% higher than observed for the other two sequences and more than 50% higher than the theoretical metabolic costs based on the proportions actually eaten and known costs associated with each food. This study and a related one (Scriber 1981a) illustrate how consumption rates, feeding efficiences, and larval growth of Spodoptera eridania are not species, population, or even individual characteristics, (cf. Fox and Morrow 1981), but instead depend largely upon variations in plant allelochemics and plant nutritional quality (Wolfson 1978; Scriber, 1981 b; Scriber and Slansky 1981). More significantly they illustrate that the food consumed in earlier instars (Scriber 1981 a) as well as the food consumed earlier in an instar can be a major influence upon the observed armyworm growth performances under a given set of environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540597
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hydrolyzable and condensed tannin on growth and development of two species of polyphagous lepidoptera: Spodoptera eridania and Callosamia promethea (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 69 (1986), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of tannins on survival, growth, and digestion were compared in two polyphagous species of Lepidoptera (one, the southern armyworm, a forb-feeder; and the other, the promethea silkmoth, a tree-feeder). Two different types of tannins (hydrolyzable and condensed) were incorporated into artificial basal diets in order to determine whether or not differential survival and growth would result between the forb feeder, which normally does not encounter tannins in its natural diet, and the tree-feeder, whose host species include many tanniniferous plants from several different families. Neonate larvae of the forb-feeding armyworms exhibited significantly suppressed 10-day growth rates at all tannin concentrations tested (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% of wet weight) for both the hydrolyzable and the condensed tannin compared to the control diet, however no dose-effect was detectable. In contrast, there were no detectable differences in neonate survival or growth through the first 10 days for the tree-feeding promethea silkmoth larvae fed diets with either tannic acid or quebracho tree condensed tannin. In order to determine the physiological mechanisms of action of these tannins against armyworms, we conducted detailed physiological bioassays of biomass and nitrogen utilization by penultimate instar larvae. Standard gravimetric feeding studies with both tannic acid and the quebracho tree condensed tannin demonstrated that reduced relative growth rates (RGR's) of Spodoptera eridania Cram. were due to the suppressed relative consumption rates (RCR's) and decreased conversion efficiencies (ECD's) rather than due to digestibility-reduction (as reflected by approximate digestibility, AD). As with the neonate larval growth rate suppression, there were no detectable dose responses at the different concentrations of tannic acid (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 2.50, and 5.0 percent) and condensed tannins from quebracho (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, and 2.5 percent) in our penultimate instar studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377626
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Florida red bay (Persea borbonia) leaf extracts deter oviposition of a sympatric generalist herbivore, Papilio glaucus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 9 (1999), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. tiger swallowtail — butterfly —Papilio glaucus—Persea borbonia— red bay — oviposition deterrent — Lauraceae — phytochemicals —Papilio palamedes— Papilio troilus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. The ability to perceive and respond to phytochemicals that reliably indicate poor suitability of a potential host plant confers a selective advantage to ovipositing female swallowtail butterflies. Papilio glaucus females are generalists that nonetheless do not oviposit on red bay (Persea borbonia: Lauraceae). Red bay is toxic to P. glaucus neonates but is commonly found in habitats alongside their principal host plant, Magnolia virginiana, in central Florida. The hypothesis that deterrent compounds present in the leaves of red bay mediate its rejection by P. glaucus was evaluated in our study. Florida populations of P. glaucus did not oviposit on host leaves sprayed with the methanol extract of red bay foliage, although they accepted solvent-treated and untreated tulip tree leaves in 3 choice bioassays. Additionally, tulip tree leaves sprayed with methanolic extracts of red bay also deterred oviposition by P. glaucus females from Ohio, Kentucky and Pennsylvania, although these populations do not naturally encounter red bay. Clearly, deterrent compounds found within this non-host are the basis of its rejection by populations of P. glaucus and such recognition is fundamental to the species, not just a reflection of local adaptations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000490050043
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition between the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, and the northern tiger swallowtail, Papilio canadensis: interactions mediated by host plant chemistry, pathogens, and parasitoids (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 125 (2000), S. 218-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Competition Tritrophic interactions Papilo canadensis Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, and the northern tiger swallowtail, Papilio canadensis, overlap geographically as well as in their host ranges. Adult female swallowtails are incapable of distinguishing between damaged and undamaged leaves, and the opportunities for competition between these two species are numerous. We designed field and laboratory experiments to look for evidence of indirect competition between P. canadensis and L. dispar larvae. Swallowtail caterpillars were reared in the laboratory on leaves from gypsy-moth-defoliated and undefoliated trees to explore host-plant effects. We tested for pathogen-mediated interactions by rearing swallowtail larvae on both sterilized and unsterilized leaves from defoliated and undefoliated sources. In addition, we measured the effects of known gypsy moth pathogens, as well as gypsy moth body fluids, on the growth and survival of swallowtail larvae. Field experiments were designed to detect the presence of parasitoid-mediated competition, as well: we recorded parasitism of swallowtail caterpillars placed in the field either where there were no gypsy moth larvae present, or where we had artificially created dense gypsy moth populations. We found evidence that swallowtails were negatively affected by gypsy moths in several ways: defoliation by gypsy moths depressed swallowtail growth rate and survival, whether leaves were sterilized or not; sterilization significantly reduced the effect of defoliation, and gypsy moth body fluids proved lethal; and swallowtail caterpillars suffered significantly increased rates of parasitism when they were placed in the field near gypsy moth infestations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420000444
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limiting effects of low leaf-water content on the nitrogen utilization, energy budget, and larval growth ofHyalophora cecropia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Oecologia 28 (1977), S. 269-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hyalophora cecropia larvae were reared on leaves of wild cherry,Prunus serotina, which contained variable amounts of leaf water but otherwise did not differ in fiber, total nitrogen, and caloric content. Larvae which were fed leaves low in leaf water grew more slowly and were less efficient at utilizing plant biomass, energy, and nitrogen than those larvae fed leaves which were fully supplemented with water. Experiments were performed using excised leaves under different regimes of relative humidity and leaf water supplementation in climatic control chambers maintained at identical temperatures and photoperiod. Foodplant biomass utilization efficiencies were severely reduced by decreasing amounts of leaf water. Growth rates were halved and the efficiency of conversion of assimilated dry matter into larval biomass was reduced from 82% in the treatment with fully supplemented leaves to 34% in the driest treatment. The nitrogen utilization efficiency (N.U.E.) was reduced from 75–80% to 48%, and the relative accumulation rate of nitrogen (N.A.R.) was suppressed nearly 2-fold for larvae on low-water leaves. Relative maintenance costs (calories expended in respiration/mg tissue/day) of larvae were nearly five times higher on dry leaves than on fully supplemented leaves. Larvae on leaves which were low in water content were themselves more desiccated, and metabolized greater portions of assimilated energy, perhaps in an attempt to supplement body water with metabolic water derived from respiration. The larval rates of consumption of biomass, energy, and nitrogen were the same for all treatments, indicating that leaf water affected larval growth primarily by restricting the efficiency of utilizing these nutrients. Where water was limiting (as in tree leaves), an increased consumption rate did not appear to be a successful means of increasing growth rates. There were daily and seasonal differences in leaf water content between different trees of the same species. Although absolute differences in leaf water exist between different trees and between young and old (fully expanded) leaves of a single tree, these differences are proportional and parallel each other through daily and seasonal cycles. In spite of evolutionary adaptations of herbivores to acquire adequate water and avoid desiccation, the leaf water content naturally encountered by cecropia larvae on cherry leaves may limit their growth, especially if the R.H. is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751605
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of physiological improvement in performance of Callosamia promethea larvae on local host plant favorites (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 86 (1991), S. 232-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Callosamia ; Feeding specialization ; Local host preference ; Physiological adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary As a species, the promethea silkmoth, Callosamia promethea (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera) exhibits a wide host range on 6–10 families of plants, although specific populations are known to have local foodplant favorites. We tested the hypothesis that larvae from a particular host plant lineage would show physiological adaptations to this host compared with larvae from other host plant lineages. We found no evidence that larval survival and growth was any better for larvae fed the natural plant of the parental population than for larvae from other host lineages. These natural host lineages include: black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume). The only apparent manifestation of physiological specialization was the inability of tuliptree lineages of C. promethea to survive on paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), although this may reflect the geographical pattern of adaptation to birch, rather than a negative correlation with adaptation to tuliptree. These results suggest that for C. promethea larvae, growth performance and survival is primarily influenced by plant nutritional quality, rather than physiological adaptations to the locally preferred host plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317535
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