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  • 1
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    Comparison of a barotropic blocking theory with observation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Hart (1979) showed that the truncated spectral equations obtained by Charney and Devore (1979) could be derived merely by assuming that the cross-stream scale of the topography was large compared to the downstream scale. Since actual topography does not have the large y scales postulated by Hart, his model was modified in the current investigation to obtain equations with arbitrary zonal variations of topography by projecting all variable functions onto the first topographic cross-stream mode. The topographic heights and streamfunctions are expanded as Fourier series in the cross-stream coordinate and the series are truncated after the first term. This accomplishes Hart's results but permits more realistic y variations in the topography. The present investigation is the first in a two-part series. The second part will deal with a two-layer baroclinic channel flow, again with arbitrary zonal variations of topography.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
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  • 2
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    A standard verification for rainfall estimation from remote platforms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of reflectivity at horizontal (Zh) and vertical (Zy) polarizations provide adequate information necessary to infer the two parameters of an exponential raindrop size distribution (No, Do) where the distribution is given by N(D) = Noexp(-3.67 D/Do). This distribution enables computation of water content or still air rainfall rates. The physical basis of the radar technique is outlined and illustrated theoretically, and experimental results, comparing radar derived rainfall rates with raingage and disdrometer measurements, are reviewed. The technique is useful for many meteorological and hydrological purposes, including ground truth measurements of rainfall rate over the ocean for comparison with satellite related observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 4 p
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  • 3
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    Sampling problems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Precipitation estimates from satellites are subject to a number of uncertainties involving design characteristics, satellite positioning, natural variability of precipitation, and the noncontinuous acquisition of data. The sources and sizes of these uncertainties are in need of proper evaluation and estimation. The present sampling and estima-theory seems to be adequate for some measurement problems (e.g., determining precipitation at a point), while others require further theoretical work (e.g., determining the time history of precipitation over large areas).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 5 p
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  • 4
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    Climatic response to a time varying solar constant (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Recent measurements of the solar constant, theoretical arguments, and climatic measurements combined with signal processing suggest the possibility that the solar constant varies significantly on time scales ranging from billions of years to 11-yr (sunspot) cycles, and even to scales of a few weeks. Simple climate models with a time varying solar constant are examined here, with emphasis on the heat balance models (North et al., 1981). Linear heat balance model results are presented for high (10 cycles/yr) and low (0.1 cycle/yr) frequencies, providing a useful guide in estimating the direct heat response to solar variability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 5
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    Gravity model improvement for Seasat (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-20749)
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 30
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  • 6
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    Full scale lightning test technique (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A test technique was developed for applying a full scale mean value (30 kiloampere peak) simulated lightning return stroke current on a complete flight ready aircraft to assess the threat of lightning to aircraft electrical circuits. A computer-aided generator design was used to establish the parameters of the test system. Data from previous work done on development of low inductance current paths determined the basic system configuration.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Lightning Technol.; p 449-450
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  • 7
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    Form-drag instability, multiple equilibria and propagating planetary waves in baroclinic, orographically forced, planetary wave systems (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A two-layer baroclinic model is used to study the planetary-scale motions of a thermally driven atmosphere in the presence of topography, and in doing so to extend previous results obtained with a barotropic model. Highly truncated spectral equations are used to obtain multiple wavelike stationary equilibrium states, to examine the instabilities that produce them, and to study the instabilities that feed on them and give rise to traveling planetary waves. Although the equilibria cannot exist without orography, their energy comes from the potential energy of the mean flow, not from kinetic energy transfer via the mountain torque. Low-index (blocking) equilibria as well as high-index equilibria require a large thermal driving and are associated with both orographic and baroclinic instability of the Hadley circulation. It is suggested that blocking in nature is a quasi-stable circulation arising from orographic instability with strong thermal driving; and that observed low-frequency, propagating planetary waves are due to instabilities of the quasi-stationary, topographically forced equilibria.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; June 198
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  • 8
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    The development of convective instability, wind shear, and vertical motion in relation to convection activity and synoptic systems in AVE 4 (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from the Fourth Atmospheric Variability Experiment were used to investigate conditions/factors responsible for the development (local time rate-of-change) of convective instability, wind shear, and vertical motion in areas with varying degrees of convective activity. AVE IV sounding data were taken at 3 or 6 h intervals during a 36 h period on 24-25 April 1975 over approximately the eastern half of the United States. An error analysis was performed for each variable studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3386 , M-342
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    African wave disturbances in a general circulation model (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Evidence is presented to show that African wave disturbances are reproduced in a general circulation simulation. The model used is the general circulation model developed by the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency. The model was integrated in order to simulate the summer of 1974. A synoptic analysis of the simulated data over Africa for the month of July was done. The results of the analysis show that wave disturbances are generated by the model; the behavior and the structure of the simulated disturbances are similar to those observed over tropical Africa during the northern summer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series A - Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (ISSN 0280-6495); 35A; Aug. 198
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  • 10
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    Troposphere-stratosphere (surface-55 km) monthly general circulation statistics for the Northern Hemisphere-four year averages (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents four year averages of monthly mean Northern Hemisphere general circulation statistics for the period from 1 December 1978 through 30 November 1982. Computations start with daily maps of temperature for 18 pressure levels between 1000 and 0.4 mb that were supplied by NOAA/NMC. Geopotential height and geostrophic wind are constructed using the hydrostatic and geostrophic formulae. Fields presented in this report are zonally averaged temperature, mean zonal wind, and amplitude and phase of the planetary waves in geopotential height with zonal wavenumbers 1-3. The northward fluxes of heat and eastward momentum by the standing and transient eddies along with their wavenumber decomposition and Eliassen-Palm flux propagation vectors and divergences by the standing and transient eddies along with their wavenumber decomposition are also given. Large annual and interannual variations are found in each quantity especially in the stratosphere in accordance with the changes in the planetary wave activity. The results are shown both in graphic and tabular form.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-86182 , REPT-19 , NAS 1.15:86182
    Format: application/pdf
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