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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (9)
  • 1980-1984  (9)
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  • 1
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    Comparative aspects of Venus and terrestrial meteorology (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The observations and measurements made by Pioneer Venus orbiters are presented in terms of comparison of Venus and terrestrial meteorology. Although the temperature-pressure profiles of the two planets differ at lower altitudes, the temperatures are similar over their common range of pressures except for a much cooler mesosphere on Venus. The additional similarities between the earth and Venus relate to the warm polar stratospheres and the zonally-averaged energy budgets of the two planets. A difference in the mean radiation budgets for Venus is the relative smallness of the upward and downward thermal flux components. It is noted that the observed similarities reflect common mechanisms despite the difference in the dynamical regimes of the two planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Weather; 36; Feb. 198
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  • 2
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    Solar related waves in the Venusian atmosphere from the cloud tops to 100 km (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A quasi-linear diagnostic model using observed solar-related temperatures and a specified solar mean circulation and surface structure to find the solar-related circulation above the clouds of Venus is presented. Despite the greater dependence of model-derived, solar-related circulation on the mean flow than is the case for terrestrial tides, as well as the uncertainty concerning this mean flow, significant conclusions are drawn for the solar-related circulation and thermal structure of Venus. An anomalously large response is found in the polar regions, due to the model's requirement of a process such as dissipation which will act as a major sink for momentum. Dissipation is specified in the model as Rayleigh friction with an unknown free parameter coefficient. In view of this, dissipation is either very efficient by terrestrial standards and accompanied by small solar-related circulation, or similar to that of earth and possessed of a circulation large enough to have an impact on the mean circulation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; June 198
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  • 3
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    Dynamics of the atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of and possible explanations for the dynamics of the Venus atmosphere as revelaed by Pioneer Venus and the Venera spacecraft are discussed. An important observation was that the entire atmosphere moves in the same retrograde (westward) direction at average speeds of up to about 110 m/sec, which may be explained by zonal jets arising from interactions of meridional cells, viscosity and solar heating. Atmospheric thermal tides, temperature and wind perturbations caused by solar heating were also observed which may have influences on tidal winds and warming at the poles. In addition, atmospheric waves with periods of 5.3 and 2.9 earth days have been detected between the Venus cloud tops, and calculations of baroclinically unstable waves on Venus have been made with a general circulation model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 296; Mar. 4
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  • 4
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    Structure and meteorology of the middle atmosphere of Venus Infrared remote sensing from the Pioneer orbiter (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of the Pioneer Venus orbiter radiometric temperature-sounding experiment are presented with examples of each of the primary data products. The measured temperature field is used to model the dynamics of the middle atmosphere from 60 to 140 km, and the thermal and solar fluxes are used to calculate the planetary radiation budget. The data for the diurnal variation of temperature at a given height show fairly small amplitudes up to an altitude of about 95 km, above which the day to night contrast increases rapidly with height. At the equator the dependence of temperature in the stratosphere on solar longitude is dominated by a wave number 2 solar tide with an amplitude of about 10 K. The equator to pole gradients are larger than expected, and the stratosphere is typically 15 to 20 K warmer at the pole than at the equator. The most significant discovery concerning the cloud morphology is a dipole structure consisting of two clearings in the cloud at locations straddling the pole and rotating around it every 2.7 days.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 5
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    Structure and circulation of the Venus atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Pioneer Venus data relevant to the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere is summarized and interpreted. On the day side there is a thermosphere in which temperatures increase with height to an exospheric temperature of about 300 K. On the night side there is a cryosphere in which temperatures decrease with height to an exospheric temperature of about 100 K. The atmosphere is stratified stably from the highest altitudes down to about 28 km except for a layer in the clouds between about 50 and 55 km which is nearly adiabatic. Horizontal thermal contrasts are approximately 1 to 2% in the deep atmosphere and 100% in the upper atmosphere. The temperatures generally decrease with latitude at and below the clouds on constant pressure surfaces. Above the clouds there is a reversed zonally averaged latitudinal temperature gradient. The dominant circulation of the atmosphere above the lowest one or two scale heights is a zonal retrograde motion with 100 m/s winds at 60 km altitude. There is also a superrotation at altitudes of 150 km and above.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NAGW-47 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 6
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    Io's surface - Its phase composition and influence on Io's atmosphere and Jupiter's magnetosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The evidence and interpretations pertaining to the surface phase composition of Io and the mechanisms by which Io's surface influences its atmosphere are discussed. The mechanism by which Io's surface and/or atmosphere supplies neutral and ionic species to the region around the satellite and ultimately to the Jovian magnetosphere is also discussed. A model is suggested in which the global SO2 gas abundance is primarily controlled by buffering in the brightest, coldest regions. The net SO2 flux across the disk is limited by regional cold trapping on high albedo regions and possibly by the resistance of a tenuous non-SO2 residual atmosphere. The continuing migration of SO2 toward cooler regions and those lacking SO2 sources is opposed by SO2 destruction and planetary ejection processes, including sputtering, thus preventing buildup of thick, ubiquitous SO2 coverage.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 7
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    Comparison of ground-based and spacecraft observations of the infrared emission from Venus - The nature of thermal contrasts (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 8
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    Wave instability in the polar region of Venus (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Infrared and radio observations of the upper cloud region of Venus indicate that the north polar region contains features of large thermal contrast. A cold collar, encompassing a region of temperature inversions, lies between latitudes of about 65 and 75 deg, and a pair of warm features, separated by about 180 deg of longitude and centered near 80 deg latitude, rotate about the pole with a period of about 2.9 days. It is shown that the cold temperatures associated with the inversions lead to an enhancement in the mean zonal wind in a localized area near the pole, and that this enhancement makes the mean flow barotropically unstable. Since data for this region are limited, a model for the thermal structure has been used for calculating growth times and phase periods of the unstable modes. Choosing model parameters to agree as closely as possible with available data, it has been determined that the rotating warm features are likely to be manifestations of barotropically unstable waves.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Oct. 198
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  • 9
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    Infrared remote sensing of the atmosphere of Venus from the Pioneer 12 Orbiter (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Pioneer 12 spacecraft, which was placed into orbit about Venus on 4 December 1978, carried a multispectral radiometer designed to investigate the structure and meteorological properties of the middle atmosphere (60 to 140 km). This paper reviews the experiment concept, the design, implementation and calibration of the hardware, and the preliminary scientific results from data obtained through 14 February 1979.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space research. Volume 20; May 29, 1979 - Jun 09, 1979; Bangalore; India
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