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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification and origin of spindles in orthotopic and heterotopic grafts of avian muscles (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 515-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian muscle ; Regeneration ; Muscle spindles ; Free-grafting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Regeneration of muscle spindles was quantified in a series of orthotopically and heterotopically autografted muscles of pigeons. Significantly fewer spindles relative to numbers of extrafusal fibers were present in grafts than in normal muscles. These results are in marked contrast to observations of free-grafted muscles of rats. A majority of grafts of the metapatagialis, a muscle devoid of spindles, into the site of the anterior latissimus dorsi contained spindles. A few spindles were present in grafts of the extensor digitorum communis, which normally contains many spindles, into the site formerly occupied by the metapatagialis whereas muscle spindles were absent in orthotopic grafts of the metapatagialis muscle. These observations suggest that the spindle-like structures observed in the extensor digitorum communis muscles, which regenerated in the sites of the metapatagialis, were derived from spindles of the donor muscle. Thus muscle spindles in transplanted avian muscle can form by two distinct developmental processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226948
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of muscle spindles in regenerated avian muscle grafts (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindles ; Regeneration ; Free-grafting ; Avian muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pigeon muscles lacking muscle spindles were grafted into sites which normally have a muscle containing spindles. The reciprocal transplantations were also made. After two to eight months, the graft of the donor muscle without spindles had regenerated into a muscle containing muscle spindles. The reciprocal grafts, muscles containing spindles transplanted to a site lacking spindle innervation, had neither muscle spindles nor remnants of the spindles. These experiments demonstrate that 1) the innervation is required for formation of the spindle; 2) the original spindles do not survive transplantation; and 3) parts of the original spindle are not required for spindle regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233823
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular size and gel formation in branched poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 869-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Branched copolymers of methyl methacrylate with ethylene dimethacrylate or pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate with high weight average molecular weights Mw were prepared by free radical polymerization. The double bond conversion of these polymers (β) was measured dilatometrically and the gel point (βc) was located by extrapolation of bulk viscosity measurements. The polymers were studied by light-scattering, 1H NMR and viscometry. Hence it was possible to investigate the relationship between the molecular weight Mw and the reduced conversion quantity (1 - β/βc)-1 and also the molecular weight dependence of the z-average mean square radius of gyration 〈S2〉z. Considerable deviations from the classical Stockmayer theory but also from percolation theory were observed. 1H NMR showed a relative small extent of ring formation (10 to 24%) and a reduced apparent reactivity of the pendant double bonds, while the delay in the gel formation appeared to be caused by a much higher ring formation (80 to 90%). This apparent inconsistency is explained by a size-dependent ring formation, where the extent of ring formation is increased with the molecular dimensions; simultaneously, the pendant double bonds become progressively less accessible to cross-linking by growing radicals. The molecular weight dependence of 〈S2〉z is found to be in agreement with this heterogeneous reaction model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1980.021810409
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new criterion of phase separation: The effect of diamine chain extenders on the properties of polyurethaneureas (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2167-2177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new criterion of phase separation of segmented polyurethaneureas. is found by comparing the relative crystallinity of the soft segment of polyurethaneurea. This criterion is more sensitive than the conventional thermal transition temperature measurements. The difference of crystallinity can be distinguished even if the thermal transition temperatures are the same. The polymers are synthesized by coupling a prepolymer consisting of poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with different chain extenders, ethylenediamine (ED), 1.6-hexanediamine (HD), and 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA). The degree of phase separation is found to relate to the structure of the chain extender and the hard-segment content as indicated by the relative crystallinity and initial modulus. Several explanations are proposed to discuss the relationship between these factors.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270627
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