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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (11)
  • 1980-1984  (11)
Collection
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Year
  • 1
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    Passive microwave characteristics of the Bering Sea ice cover during Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) West (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year sea ice types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 379-384
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Observation of variations in the composition of sea ice in the Greenland MIZ during early summer 1983 with the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data acquired with the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 Satellite for a six-week period in Fram Strait were analyzed with a procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. Calculations were compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, is discussed. The indication of multiyear ice is found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 373-378
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Overseas trip report, CV 990 underflight mission (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The scanning microwave radiometer-7 simulator, the ocean temperature scanner, and an imaging scatterometer/altimeter operating at 14 GHz were carried onboard the NASA CV-990 over open oceans, sea ice, and continental ice sheets to gather surface truth information. Data flights were conducted over the Norwegian Sea to map the ocean polar front south and west of Bear Island and to transect several Nimbus-7 footprints in a rectangular pattern parallel to the northern shoreline of Norway. Additional flights were conducted to obtain correlative data on the cryosphere parameters and characteristics of the Greenland ice sheet, and study the frozen lakes near Barrow. The weather conditions and flight path way points for each of the nineteen flights are presented in tables and maps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-80662
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    An alternate algorithm for correction of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer polarization radiances using Nimbus-7 observed data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The manner in which Nimbus-7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) scan radiance data was used to determine its operational characteristics is described. The predicted SMMR scan radiance was found to be in disagreement at all wavelengths with a large area of average measured ocean radiances. A modified model incorporating a different phase shift for each of the SMMR horizontal and vertical polarization channels was developed and found to provide good data correlation. Additional study is required to determine the validity and accuracy of this model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-80672
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    A statistical examination of Nimbus 7 SMMR data and remote sensing of sea surface temperature, liquid water content in the atmosphere and surfaces wind speed (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) brightness temperature measurements over the global oceans have been examined with the help of statistical and empirical techniques. Such analyses show that zonal averages of brightness temperature measured by SMMR, over the oceans, on a large scale are primarily influenced by the water vapor in the atmosphere. Liquid water in the clouds and rain, which has a much smaller spatial and temporal scale, contributes substantially to the variability of the SMMR measurements within the latitudinal zones. The surface wind not only increases the surface emissivity but through its interactions with the atmosphere produces correlations, in the SMMR brightness temperature data, that have significant meteorological implications. It is found that a simple meteorological model can explain the general characteristics of the SMMR data. With the help of this model methods to infer over the global oceans, the surface temperature, liquid water content in the atmosphere, and surface wind speed are developed. Monthly mean estimates of the sea surface temperature and surface winds are compared with the ship measurements. Estimates of liquid water content in the atmosphere are consistent with earlier satellite measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-84927 , NAS 1.15:84927
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    MIZEX-WEST NASA CV-990 flight report (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: As part of the Bering Sea marginal ice zone winter experiment (MIZEX-WEST), the CV-990 airborne laboratory was flown to assess the potential of using an extended range of wavelengths for improving passive microwave sea ice observations from spacecraft and second to provide an overview of the MIZ for large-scale processes studies. The aircraft was equipped with both imaging and fixed-beam, dual-polarized passive microwave radiometers ranging from 1.5 millimeter to 3 centimeter wavelengths. Visual, photographic, and thermal (10.7 micron) infrared surface observations were also made from the aircraft to complement the microwave measurements. The flight operations and in-flight observations are discussed and each flight is summarized including flight objective and instrument status. Preliminary mosaic images obtained with the ESMR imager, Nimbus-7 orbits over the Bering Sea, ice observations obtained by an ice observer on board, and composite maps of the general ice conditions for the month of February are also presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-85020 , NAS 1.15:85020
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    An optical model for the microwave properties of sea ice (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The complex refractive index of sea ice is modeled and used to predict the microwave signatures of various sea ice types. Results are shown to correspond well with the observed values of the complex index inferred from dielectic constant and dielectric loss measurements performed in the field, and with observed microwave signatures of sea ice. The success of this modeling procedure vis a vis modeling of the dielectric properties of sea ice constituents used earlier by several others is explained. Multiple layer radiative transfer calculations are used to predict the microwave properties of first-year sea ice with and without snow, and multiyear sea ice.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-83865
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    The Bering Sea ice cover during March 1979: Comparison of surface and satellite data with the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During March 1979, field operations were carried out in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of the Bering Sea. The field measurements which included oceanographic, meteorological and sea ice observations were made nearly coincident with a number of Nimbus-7 and Tiros-N satellite observations. The results of a comparison between surface and aircraft observations, and images from the Tiros-N satellite, with ice concentrations derived from the microwave radiances of the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) are given. Following a brief discussion of the field operations, including a summary of the meteorological conditions during the experiment, the satellite data is described with emphasis on the Nimbus-7 SMMR and the physical basis of the algorithm used to retrieve ice concentrations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-169393 , NAS 1.26:169393 , PB82-230400 , NOAA-82051011
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Data report on variations in the composition of sea ice during MIZEX/East'83 with the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data acquired with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 satellite for a six-week period including the 1983 MIZEX in Fram Strait were analyzed with the use of a previously developed procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. These calculations can compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft in order to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known earlier to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, was of particular interest during this period. The indication of multiyear ice was found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period. Both grid-print maps and grey-scale images of total sea ice concentration and multiyear sea ice fraction for the entire period are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-86170 , NAS 1.15:86170
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Calibration of the Nimbus-7 SMMR. 2: Polarization mixing corrections (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Averaged radiance data obtained over the oceans from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) are used to produce an empirical correction algorithm for the polarization mixing which is inherent to the SMMR because of its fixed multichannel receiving horn and its scanning antenna dish. The algorithm, developed without the use of an ocean/atmosphere radiance model, also properly accounts for off center and scan independent polarization mixing, which were discovered after launch as a result of analyzing the aforementioned data. The radiance averaging consisted of collecting data for each beam position of each of the ten radiance channels of SMMR (nominal horizontal and vertical polarizations of the five SMMR wavelengths, 0.81, 1.4, 1.7, 2.8, and 4.6 cm) for about 300 orbits, subdividing the global ocean radiance data into 10 deg latitude bands and ascending (daytime) and descending (nighttime) orbits. This served to smooth out atmospheric and ocean surface variations in order to perform the polarization mixing analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-84976 , NAS 1.15:84976
    Format: application/pdf
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