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  • Chemistry  (13)
  • Strategie  (1)
  • 1980-1984  (14)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 310 (1982), S. 378-387 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Elektrophorese ; Gel ; Optimierung ; Strategie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es ist möglich, die optimalen Trennungsbedingungen für Moleküle mit Ladung in der Gelelektrophorese objektiv zu bestimmen. Dabei bedeutet optimal, daß die molekularen Unterschiede in bezug auf Ladung, Größe und relative Hydrophobizität zum Zweck der Trennung ausgenützt werden. Eine geeignete Strategie wird erst Lösungsmittel und eventuell Detergentien definieren, die fähig sind, das interessierende Molekül zu lösen und wenigstens einen Teil seiner Aktivitäten (wenn es solche besitzt) beizubehalten. Danach folgt eine systematische Suche nach Unterschieden in der Ladung der verschiedenen zu trennenden Molekülarten durch Einsatz der Gelelektrophorese bei verschiedenen pH-Werten, die man von den pH-Extremen her auf den neutralen pH hin verändert. Als Mittel dazu dient das Stapelgel (Stacking Gel), das es erlaubt, durch Analyse einer einzigen Gelscheibe, die den Stapel enthält, die Möglichkeit der Trennung bei jedem pH festzustellen. Darauf folgt eine Methode, die die molekularen Größenunterschiede für die Trennung ausnutzt und auf der Gelelektrophorese bei verschiedenen Gelkonzentrationen beruht. Die relativen Wanderungsgeschwindigkeiten (RF) werden bei jeder Gelkonzentration für das interessierende Molekül und seine benachbart wandernden Verunreinigungen gemessen. Diese Werte erlauben es, den Ferguson-Plot (log RF vs. %T) für jede Molekülarart aufzustellen. Aus den Steigungen und y-Abschnitten der Ferguson-Plots werden Molekülgröße und Ladung berechnet, sowie die optimale Gelkonzentration für die Trennung jeder Molekularart von einer anderen. Wenn diese Rechnung auf ein Trennungsoptimum bei 0% Gelkonzentration hinweist, ist der Einsatz des isoelektrischen Fokussierens oder der Isotachophorese objektiv gerechtfertigt.
    Notizen: Summary The objective definition of optimal fractionation conditions for separating charged molecules by gel electrophoresis is possible. Optimization implies that differences among molecular species in all of their major properties, namely net charge, size and relative hydrophobicity, are exploited for the purpose of separation. A suitable strategy would initially define a solvent and detergent milieu capable of dissolving the species of interest with maintenance of at least a substantial part of the activity of the molecule (if any). This is being followed by a systematic scrutiny of the molecular charge differences between the species by varying the pH of gel electrophoresis, starting at one or both extremes of pH and moving toward neutrality. This is best done using stacking gels by analysis for the protein of interest of a single gel slice containing the stack at each pH. This is being followed by a scrutiny of molecular size differences through gel electrophoresis at several gel concentrations, measurement of relative mobility (RF) in each for both the species of interest and its closest migrating contaminants. The data allow one to compute the Ferguson plots (log RF vs. %T) for each species, the molecular sizes and net charges (the slopes and y-intercepts of these plots), and the optimal gel concentration for the resolution of the species of interest from its neighbors. If that analysis indicates an optimum at 0 % gel concentration, the use of isoelectric focusing or of isotachophoresis for the particular separation problem are objectively indicated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Sequential moving boundary electrophoresis with protons and hydroxyl ions as the sole counterions, consisting solely of six acids (system A) and of six bases (system B), gives rise to natural steady-state pH gradients similar to those predicted by theory (pH 2.4-5.5 for system A, pH 10.3-12.2 for system B). Mixtures of the constituents in system A and system B gave rise to a natural pH gradient spanning the pH range between the terminal electrolytes (pH 2.4 and 12.2) predicted for systems A and B. The predicted boundary displacement is negligibly small. Experimentally the boundary displacement could not be determined in view of the difficulty of separating it from the initial transient state in which the pH gradient is formed, and a final state in which the pH gradient decays.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A previous design of an apparatus for extraction and concentration of proteins from gel slices by moving boundary electrophoresis has been simplified, making it into an upper buffer reservoir accessory for the multifunctional gel tube apparatus commonly used for gel electrophoresis. The design of the collection cup has been improved to facilitate assembly and thereby reduce the risk of leakage. The performance of the apparatus was evaluated by the isolation from sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radiolabeled bovine serum albumin and glucagon receptor.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 4 (1983), S. 404-407 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Poly R-480, an amphoteric dye of molecular weight 160 000,is the product of copolymerization reaction and can be expected to yield a polydisperse pattern in polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIF). Such is indeed obtained in conventional PAGIF using commercial synthetic carrier ampholyte mixtures but not in buffer PAGIF, in which a few discrete dye bands are produced. Upon excision of single bands and segments of zones in buffer PAGIF and PAGIF in SCAMs, respectively, the entire original pattern is reestablished in each case, thereby confirming the artifactual nature of both the simple band pattern as well as the polydisperse patten. The simple pattern in buffer PAGIF prevails in the presence of 8 M urea and 8 mM CHAPS, while the polydisperse pattern obtained in SCAMs is resolved into multiple bands in the presence of either one or both of these agents. These observations suggest: a) hydrophobic and hydrogen bond dye-dye and/or dye-SCAM interactions produce the artifactual polydisperse pattern in PAGIF in SCAMs, b) electrostatic dye-dye interactions are responsible for the artifactual simple band pattern in buffer EF, and c) dye-SCAM electrostatic interactions produce the artifactual multiple band pattern in the SCAM-urea-CHAPS system. These data clearly underline the need for critical experimentation in the evaluation of PAGIF bands and band numbers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 2 (1981), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 1 (1980), S. 14-22 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A pH gradient providing maximal separation between pH 4.7 and 4.9 was generated by systematic variation of carrier constituent mixtures, and/or selection of anolyte/catholyte. In the optimized pH gradient, separation on gel electrofocusing between proteins with pI's between 4.7 and 4.9 was shown to be superior to that achieved on relatively steep pH gradients. This was the case in the separation of either human growth hormone isohormones D and E, or of bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 1 (1980), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel, pH gradients exhibited a systematic shift along the pH-axis in proportion to the pH of the anolyte. Thus, more acidic anolytes produced more acidic pH gradients, and more basic ones gave rise to more basic pH gradients. In all cases the pH's of the anolyte and catholyte were kept outside the pI-range of the carrier ampholytes used. Increasing the pH of the anolyte stabilized pH gradients, while the pH of the catholyte, within the range tested, had no systematic effect on pH gradient stabilization.From a practical viewpoint, modification of pH gradients by the anolyte provides increased flexibility in pH gradient design for electrofocusing. From a theoretical viewpoint, the selective anolyte effect on pH gradients in isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels supports the hypothesis previously advanced by Murel et al., which relates pH gradient decay in electrofocusing to progressive protonation from the anodic pH gradient terminus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 1 (1980), S. 102-106 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A device for the measurement of segmental voltages along electrofocusing gels made of polyacrylamide has been designed and tested successfully. It allows for continuous monitoring of the changing voltage gradients which occur during electrofocusing. By means of 11 equidistant embedded platinum probes, the voltage drop at any one segment or sequential array of segments can be determined at any time without disturbing the ongoing electrofcusing. The wires are sealed into the wall of a 6 mm diameter (ID) Pyrex gel tube at 1.0 cm intervals. Measurements on a gel containing 2% Ampholine (pH-range 3.5-10) showed that the voltage gradient changes during electrofocusing. Starting with a uniform voltage drop of 10 ± 2%cm across a 10 cm gel, two transient peaks of high potential (comprising at 15 min 17% and 25% of the applied voltage) move progressively from the gel periphery toward its center. They coalesce into a broad single peak centered at 0.4 of the distance from the anodic gel terminus within 1.5 h. This major single peak remained stationary, changing slightly in magnitude during the next 18 h of electrofocusing. At this final stage, the voltage peak occurred at pH 6.3 and approximately 25% of the applied voltage was across this segment of gel.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A natural pH gradient can be formed on polyacrylamide gel using either two (glutamic acid and lysine only) or three (glutamic acid, histidine and lysine) aminoacids as the sole carrier ampholyte species. In the two component system, glutamic acid and lysine focus as single peaks adjacent (anodically and cathodically, respectively) to the steep, linear center of the step-function pH gradient. Histidine, in the three component system, focuses at the center of the pH gradient and separates the other two aminoacids. Each aminoacid electrofocuses at its pI. Hemoglobin electrofocuses as a sharp band in both systems and, in the two component system, remains focused at its pI for 200 h. A major conductance gap forms at the gel center in both systems with progressing time of electrofocusing; a minor and transient conductance gap develops in the glass tube just above the gel.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 2 (1981), S. 279-287 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The analysis of immunoglobulin by gel electrophoretic methods is presently burdened with two problems: the incapacity of conventional buffer systems to spread the polyclonal immunoglobulin pattern across the entire separation path length in gel electrophoresis, and the appearance of distinct bands in the conventional electrofocusing patterns, instead of he continuum of zones  -  which would be expected form a polyclonal mixture of “charge isomers” and which is indeed obtained in gel electrophoresis. Polyclonal serum immunoglobulin differ from one another predominantly in net charge (i.e., they are “charge isomers”). The operative pH of gel electrophoresis was therefore optimized. The acidic side of he isoelectric operative pH of 5.32, a discontinuous (multiphase) buffer system was found which was capable of stacking all immunoglobulin in a lyophilized preparation.In order to provide a magnified view immunoglobulin heterogeneity, the immunoglobulin mixture was fractionated into 26 groups of charge isomers using preparative isotachophoresis. When subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in resolving gels operative at pH 4.85, 0°C, the isotachophoretic fractions spread between relative mobility values of 0.4 to 0.9 in the electrophoresis pattern, i.e., their sum total covered the entire separation path. Under these conditions, isotachophoretic fractions also revealed immunoglobulin oligomers. The number of oligomeric forms increased from increased from the leading (most basic) to the trailing (most acidic) immunoglobulin components within the stack.In polyacrylamide gel electrofocusing of the isotachophoretic fractions of immunoglobulin, using pI-renge 6-9 ampholine, addition of a 0.01 M mixture of amino acids to the carrier ampholytes, and 20h or more electrofocusing time at 20 V/cm of gel, 0°C, polyclonal immunoglobulin patterns appeared continuous. Electrofocusing patterns of those isotachophoretic fractions of immunoglobulin which contained oilgomeric forms (as revealed by gel electrophoresis ) exhibited one or two major bands against the continuous background of stainable components. Monoclonal immunoglobulin produced distinct major bands under the same comditions.Thus, either polyacrylamide gel electrofocusing in the pI-range 6-9 or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a buffer system operative at pH 4.85 appear promising for the development of a clinically practical and artifact-free electrophoresis analysis for specific oligoclonal immunoglobulin.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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