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  • Chemistry  (38)
  • Chlorine abstraction
  • Radicals, alkyl
  • 1980-1984  (38)
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Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 3160-3164 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurement of Absolute Rates of Radical Additions to Alkenes by the “Mercury Method”Using the 5-hexenyl radical (2) as “radical clock” the rates of radical additions to methyl acrylate (5a) and acrylonitrile (5b) are measured by the “mercury method” (Table 1). Alkyl radicals are trapped by the alkylmercury hydride 1 with rate constants of at least 107 1 · mol-1 · s-1.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 3175-3182 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Radical Chain Reactions with Maleic Anhydrides  -  Contrathermodynamic StereoselectivityThe reactions of cyclohexylmercuric chloride with NaBH4 and alkenes 1a-g yield 60-84% of products 3, 4 and 6 in a radical chain process (table 1). Caused by steric effects of substituents Z at least 97% of the radical attack occurs at the unsubstituted carbon atom of maleic anhydrides 1c-g. Only fluoromaleic anhydride 1b is attacked by cyclohexyl radicals predominantly at the substituted carbon atom, because fluorine is a tiny, electron releasing substituent. Radicals 2 are trapped predominantly from the anti-direction by the H-donor (figure 1), yielding cis-compounds 3 as main products. This „contrathermodynamic“ stereoselectivity ranges between 2.3 and 19 (table 1).
    Notes: Die Reaktion von Cyclohexylquecksilberchlorid mit NaBH4 und den Alkenen 1a-g liefert in einer Radikalkettenreaktion die Produkte 3, 4 und 6 in 60- bis 84proz. Ausbeuten (s. Tab. 1). Wegen der sterischen Effekte der Substituenten Z erfolgt der Angriff der Radikale zu mindestens 97% am unsubstituierten C-Atom der Maleinsäureanhydride 1c-g. Allein das Fluormaleinsäureanhydrid 1b wird bevorzugt am substituierten C-Atom durch Cyclohexyl-Radikale angegriffen. Die Ursache für diese umgekehrte Regioselektivität liegt in der geringen Raumerfüllung und dem elektronenspendenden Effekt des Fluoratoms. Die H-Übertragung auf die Radikale 2 erfolgt überwiegend von der anti-Seite (s. Abb. 1), so daß die thermodynamisch instabileren cis-Verbindungen 3 als Hauptprodukte entstehen. Diese „kontrathermodynamische“ Stereoselektivität liegt zwischen 2.3 und 19 (s. Tab. 1).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2012-2014 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical Addition to Cyclic Derivatives of Maleic AcidReactions of cyclohexylmercury acetate (1) with NaBH4 in the presence of cyclic alkenes 4 yield the products 5 in high yields (Tab. 1). The main step of the reaction sequence is the addition of a cyclohexyl radical to the alkene 4. The rate of the addition increases with increasing electron withdrawing ability of X (Tab. 1).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 2132-2139 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Diastereoselectivity of the CC Bond Formation Reaction of Cyclic RadicalsSolvomercuration and reductive CC bond formation reaction of cyclopentene, dihydrofuran, cyclohexene, and dihydropyran with alkenes 4 yield products 9 - 16. In these reactions the formation of trans-isomers predominantes (Tables 1 - 3). The stereoselectivity increases with decreasing reactivity of alkenes 4 and is greater with five-membered than six-membered rings. Dihydrofuran reacts with methyl acrylate to give trans-and cis-Isomers 11f and 12f in a 93:7 ratio (Table 2). In contrast, norbornene yields only the exo, cis-isomer 21.
    Notes: Solvomercurierung und anschließende reduktive CC-Verknüpfung von Cyclopenten, Dihydrofuran, Cyclohexen und Dihydropyran mit Alkenen 4 liefern die Produkte 9 - 16, wobei die Bildung der trans-Isomeren überwiegt (Tab. 1 - 3). Die Stereoselektivität steigt mit abnehmender Reaktivität der Alkene 4 sowie beim Übergang vom Sechsring zum Fünfring an. Aus Dihydrofuran und Acrylsäure-methylester entstehen die trans-und cis-Isomeren 11f und 12f im Verhältnis 93:7 (Tab. 2). Im Gegensatz dazu reagiert Norbornen ausschließlich zu dem exo, cis-Isomeren 21.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2526-2532 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon—Carbon Bond-Formation via Ring-Opening between Cyclopropanes and AlkenesCyclopropanes 6-12 and alkenes 13 yield via methoxymercuration and reduction the products 14-20. The carbon-carbon bond-formation occurs under mild conditions because alkyl radicals 3 and 4 are intermediates in this synthesis. With electron-withdrawing substituents at alkenes 13 yields of 87% are reached (table 1). In these reactions mono- to tetrasubstituted cyclopropanes 6-12 can be used (table 2).
    Notes: Die Cyclopropane 6-12 liefern mit den Alkenen 13 durch Methoxymercurierung und Reduktion die Produkte 14-20. Die C—C-Verknüpfung erfolgt unter milden Bedingungen, weil als Zwischenstufen dieser Synthese Alkyl-Radikale 3 und 4 auftreten. Mit elektronenziehenden Substituenten an dem Alken 13 erreichen die Ausbeuten 87% (s. Tab. 1). Dabei lassen sich mono- bis tetrasubstituierte Cyclopropane 6-12 einsetzen (s. Tab. 2).
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1240-1251 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Umpolung via Radicals: CC-Bond Formation between Ketones and AlkenesThe hydrazones 1-11 from ketones react in a general synthetic procedure with alkenes 33a-m to yield products 34-44 (table 2 and 3). Important intermediates of these reactions with umpolung are 1-acetoxyalkyl radicals 49 that are formed from organomercuric salts 14-24 by reduction with NaBH4. This new CC-bond formation reaction can be carried out in a one-pot synthesis without isolation of the metalorganic compounds (table 4).  -  In side reactions the reduction products 50 are formed, if bulky starting compounds or less reactive alkenes are used (table 5 and 6).
    Notes: Die aus Ketonen gebildeten Hydrazone 1-11 lassen sich in einer allgemeinen Synthesemethode mit Alkenen 33a-m zu den Produkten 34-44 umsetzen (Tab. 2 und 3). Entscheidende Zwischenstufen dieser Umpolungsreaktionen sind 1-Acetoxyalkyl-Radikale 49, die aus den Organoquecksilbersalzen 14-24 durch Reduktion mit NaBH4 entstehen. Diese neue CC-Verknüpfungsreaktion kann auch ohne Isolierung der Metallorganischen Verbindungen als Eintopfsynthese erfolgen (Tab. 4).  -  In Nebenreaktionen entstehen die Reduktionsprodukte 50, wenn sehr sperrige Ausgangsverbindungen oder wenig reaktive Alkene eingesetzt werden (Tab. 5 und 6).
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1264-1267 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetoxymercuration of Cyclopropanes and CC-Bond Formation with AlkenesIn one-pot syntheses acetic acid, cyclopropanes 1-5, an alkenes 6 form products 7 - 11 (Table 1). This CC-bond formation occurs via acetoxymercuration of cyclopropanes 1-5 and reductive coupling with alkenes 6.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3267-3270 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phenyl Effects in Radical Additions to AlkenesReactions of cyclohexylmercuric salts 4 with NaBH4 in the presence of alkenes 8 yield products 10. The main step of the reaction sequence, the addition of a cyclohexyl radical (7) to alkene 8, can be measured using a competition technique. The data show that styrene reacts 30-40 times faster than expected by the σ-p-value. This phenyl effects decreases in going from monosubstituted alkenes 8 to disubstituted alkenes 3, 2 and 1 because the steric hindrance of a coplanar orientation of the π-system increases in the same order.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 859-861 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of γ- and δ-Lactones via Radical CC-Bond Formation ReactionLactones 5 and 6 can be synthesized via solvomercuration of alkenes 1 and reductive CC-bond formation with acrylonitrile.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3294-3302 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperature Effects on the Selectivity of σ-RadicalsBent σ-radicals 3a - i, generated from alkylmercuric salts 1 and/or peresters 2, were treated with a BrCCl3/CCl4 competition system at different temperatures. Exner-analysis of these selectivity data (table 1) shows, that radicals of sp2 type 3a - d and bridgehead radicals 3e - i follow different isoselective relationships (figure 1,2). Reversal of the selectivity row occurs at 310 and 210 K, respectively. Above of these isoselective temperatures less shielded radicals are more selective than more shielded radicals because entropy effects overcompensate enthalpy effects (table 2). Comparison with π-radicals 6 shows, that each type of carbon radicals follows an isoselective relationship by its own.
    Notes: Die abgewinkelten σ-Radikale 3a - i, erzeugt aus den Alkylquecksilbersalzen 1 und/oder Perestern 2, wurden im BrCCl3/CCl4-Konkurrenzsystem bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen umgesetzt. Die Exner-Analyse dieser Selektivitätswerte (s. Tab. 1) zeigt, daß die Radikale vom sp2-Typ 3a - d und die Brückenkopf-Radikale 3e - i unterschiedlichen isoselektiven Beziehungen gehorchen (s. Abb. 1,2). Die Umkehrung der Selektivitätsreihe erfolgt bei 310 bzw. 210 K. Oberhalb dieser isoselektiven Temperaturen sind weniger abgeschirmte Radikale selektiver als sterisch gehindertere Radikale, weil die Entropieeffekte die Enthalpieeffekte überkompensieren (s. Tab. 2). Der Vergleich mit den π-Radikalen 6 zeigt, daß jeder Typ von Kohlenstoff-Radikalen einer eigenen isoselektiven Beziehung gehorcht.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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