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  • Chemistry  (38)
  • Carbohydrate radicals
  • Radicals, alkyl
  • 1980-1984  (38)
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Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 2132-2139 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Diastereoselectivity of the CC Bond Formation Reaction of Cyclic RadicalsSolvomercuration and reductive CC bond formation reaction of cyclopentene, dihydrofuran, cyclohexene, and dihydropyran with alkenes 4 yield products 9 - 16. In these reactions the formation of trans-isomers predominantes (Tables 1 - 3). The stereoselectivity increases with decreasing reactivity of alkenes 4 and is greater with five-membered than six-membered rings. Dihydrofuran reacts with methyl acrylate to give trans-and cis-Isomers 11f and 12f in a 93:7 ratio (Table 2). In contrast, norbornene yields only the exo, cis-isomer 21.
    Notes: Solvomercurierung und anschließende reduktive CC-Verknüpfung von Cyclopenten, Dihydrofuran, Cyclohexen und Dihydropyran mit Alkenen 4 liefern die Produkte 9 - 16, wobei die Bildung der trans-Isomeren überwiegt (Tab. 1 - 3). Die Stereoselektivität steigt mit abnehmender Reaktivität der Alkene 4 sowie beim Übergang vom Sechsring zum Fünfring an. Aus Dihydrofuran und Acrylsäure-methylester entstehen die trans-und cis-Isomeren 11f und 12f im Verhältnis 93:7 (Tab. 2). Im Gegensatz dazu reagiert Norbornen ausschließlich zu dem exo, cis-Isomeren 21.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 3160-3164 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurement of Absolute Rates of Radical Additions to Alkenes by the “Mercury Method”Using the 5-hexenyl radical (2) as “radical clock” the rates of radical additions to methyl acrylate (5a) and acrylonitrile (5b) are measured by the “mercury method” (Table 1). Alkyl radicals are trapped by the alkylmercury hydride 1 with rate constants of at least 107 1 · mol-1 · s-1.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 3175-3182 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Radical Chain Reactions with Maleic Anhydrides  -  Contrathermodynamic StereoselectivityThe reactions of cyclohexylmercuric chloride with NaBH4 and alkenes 1a-g yield 60-84% of products 3, 4 and 6 in a radical chain process (table 1). Caused by steric effects of substituents Z at least 97% of the radical attack occurs at the unsubstituted carbon atom of maleic anhydrides 1c-g. Only fluoromaleic anhydride 1b is attacked by cyclohexyl radicals predominantly at the substituted carbon atom, because fluorine is a tiny, electron releasing substituent. Radicals 2 are trapped predominantly from the anti-direction by the H-donor (figure 1), yielding cis-compounds 3 as main products. This „contrathermodynamic“ stereoselectivity ranges between 2.3 and 19 (table 1).
    Notes: Die Reaktion von Cyclohexylquecksilberchlorid mit NaBH4 und den Alkenen 1a-g liefert in einer Radikalkettenreaktion die Produkte 3, 4 und 6 in 60- bis 84proz. Ausbeuten (s. Tab. 1). Wegen der sterischen Effekte der Substituenten Z erfolgt der Angriff der Radikale zu mindestens 97% am unsubstituierten C-Atom der Maleinsäureanhydride 1c-g. Allein das Fluormaleinsäureanhydrid 1b wird bevorzugt am substituierten C-Atom durch Cyclohexyl-Radikale angegriffen. Die Ursache für diese umgekehrte Regioselektivität liegt in der geringen Raumerfüllung und dem elektronenspendenden Effekt des Fluoratoms. Die H-Übertragung auf die Radikale 2 erfolgt überwiegend von der anti-Seite (s. Abb. 1), so daß die thermodynamisch instabileren cis-Verbindungen 3 als Hauptprodukte entstehen. Diese „kontrathermodynamische“ Stereoselektivität liegt zwischen 2.3 und 19 (s. Tab. 1).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 2138-2145 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polar Substituent Effects in Additions of Alkyl radicals to AlkenesReduction of cyclohexylmercuric salts (7) with NaBH4 yields cyclohexyl radicals (8). Their rel rates of addition to substituted styrenes 4, acrylic esters 5 and acrylonitriles 6 have been measured. Comparison with Hammet σ-values show, that substituents at the non attacked vinylic carbon atom show polar effects mainly (Table 1). The effect of a substituent variation increases with increase of the reactivity of the alkenes (Table 2). Mesomeric and steric effects play only a minor role.
    Notes: Die Reduktion von Cyclohexylquecksilbersalzen (7) mit NaBH4 liefert Cyclohexyl-Radikale (8), deren rel. Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Addition an substituierte Styrole 4, Acrylsäureester 5 und Acrylonitrile 6 gemessen wurden. Der Vergleich mit Hammettschen σ-Werten zeigt, daß die Substituenten am nicht angegriffenen vinylischen Kohlenstoffatom im wesentlichen polare Effekte auf die Additionsgeschwindigkeit ausüben (s. Tab. 1). Der Substituenteneinfluß nimmt dabei mit steigender Reaktivität der Alkene zu (s. Tab. 2). Mesomere und sterische Effekte spielen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3306-3312 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperature Dependence of Linear Free Energy Relationship of Carbene CycloadditionsCycloadditions of carbenes 1 with alkenes 2-5 at 293 K are described by equation (a). Measurements of selectivities at 333 and 393 K (Table 1) show that this linear free energy relationship depends upon temperature. A. variation of the reaction temperature has no influence on mesomeric interactions, but influences the inductive effects. From equations (a), (b) and (c) it can be concluded that the selectivity of carbenes with substituents of weak electron withdrawing ability increases with increasing temperature.
    Notes: Die Cycloadditionen der Carbene 1 mit den Alkenen 2-5 bei 293 K Wurden durch die Gleichung (a) beschrieben. Selektivitätsmessungen bei 333 und 393 K (Tab. 1) zeigen daß diese lineare Freie-Energie-Beziehung temperaturabhängig ist. Dabei übt die Temperaturänderung keinen Einfluß auf die mesomeren, wohl aber auf die induktiven Wechselwirkungen aus. Aus den Gleichungen (a), (b) und (c) geht hervor, daß die Selektivität von Carbenen mit schwach elektronenziehenden Substituenten mit steigender Temperatur zunimmt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2012-2014 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical Addition to Cyclic Derivatives of Maleic AcidReactions of cyclohexylmercury acetate (1) with NaBH4 in the presence of cyclic alkenes 4 yield the products 5 in high yields (Tab. 1). The main step of the reaction sequence is the addition of a cyclohexyl radical to the alkene 4. The rate of the addition increases with increasing electron withdrawing ability of X (Tab. 1).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1264-1267 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetoxymercuration of Cyclopropanes and CC-Bond Formation with AlkenesIn one-pot syntheses acetic acid, cyclopropanes 1-5, an alkenes 6 form products 7 - 11 (Table 1). This CC-bond formation occurs via acetoxymercuration of cyclopropanes 1-5 and reductive coupling with alkenes 6.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 859-861 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of γ- and δ-Lactones via Radical CC-Bond Formation ReactionLactones 5 and 6 can be synthesized via solvomercuration of alkenes 1 and reductive CC-bond formation with acrylonitrile.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2526-2532 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon—Carbon Bond-Formation via Ring-Opening between Cyclopropanes and AlkenesCyclopropanes 6-12 and alkenes 13 yield via methoxymercuration and reduction the products 14-20. The carbon-carbon bond-formation occurs under mild conditions because alkyl radicals 3 and 4 are intermediates in this synthesis. With electron-withdrawing substituents at alkenes 13 yields of 87% are reached (table 1). In these reactions mono- to tetrasubstituted cyclopropanes 6-12 can be used (table 2).
    Notes: Die Cyclopropane 6-12 liefern mit den Alkenen 13 durch Methoxymercurierung und Reduktion die Produkte 14-20. Die C—C-Verknüpfung erfolgt unter milden Bedingungen, weil als Zwischenstufen dieser Synthese Alkyl-Radikale 3 und 4 auftreten. Mit elektronenziehenden Substituenten an dem Alken 13 erreichen die Ausbeuten 87% (s. Tab. 1). Dabei lassen sich mono- bis tetrasubstituierte Cyclopropane 6-12 einsetzen (s. Tab. 2).
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1240-1251 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Umpolung via Radicals: CC-Bond Formation between Ketones and AlkenesThe hydrazones 1-11 from ketones react in a general synthetic procedure with alkenes 33a-m to yield products 34-44 (table 2 and 3). Important intermediates of these reactions with umpolung are 1-acetoxyalkyl radicals 49 that are formed from organomercuric salts 14-24 by reduction with NaBH4. This new CC-bond formation reaction can be carried out in a one-pot synthesis without isolation of the metalorganic compounds (table 4).  -  In side reactions the reduction products 50 are formed, if bulky starting compounds or less reactive alkenes are used (table 5 and 6).
    Notes: Die aus Ketonen gebildeten Hydrazone 1-11 lassen sich in einer allgemeinen Synthesemethode mit Alkenen 33a-m zu den Produkten 34-44 umsetzen (Tab. 2 und 3). Entscheidende Zwischenstufen dieser Umpolungsreaktionen sind 1-Acetoxyalkyl-Radikale 49, die aus den Organoquecksilbersalzen 14-24 durch Reduktion mit NaBH4 entstehen. Diese neue CC-Verknüpfungsreaktion kann auch ohne Isolierung der Metallorganischen Verbindungen als Eintopfsynthese erfolgen (Tab. 4).  -  In Nebenreaktionen entstehen die Reduktionsprodukte 50, wenn sehr sperrige Ausgangsverbindungen oder wenig reaktive Alkene eingesetzt werden (Tab. 5 und 6).
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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