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  • Chemistry  (11)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (11)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1980-1984  (11)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (11)
  • Nature Publishing Group
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerisation via macrozwitterions, 3Part 2: cf.2.. Ethyl and butyl cyanoacrylates polymerised by benzyldimethyl, triethyl and tribenzylamines (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 421-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Anionic polymerisations of ethyl and butyl cyanoacrylates (ECA and BCA) in THF, initiated by benzyldimethylamine (BDMA), triethylamine (TEA) and tribenzylamine (TBA) were studied between 50 and -78°C. Initiator utilisation was very low, and polymer molecular weights correspondingly high, though believed to be depressed by acid impurities in the monomer samples. Conversion curves reached internal 1st order kinetics, almost instantaneously when the initiator was BDMA, more slowly with TEA, and only after a long acceleration period with TBA, which gave overall rates some two orders of magnitude lower than those induced by the other amines. With BCA initiated by BDMA or TEA, the rate constants increased as reaction temperature was lowered. A general kinetic scheme is suggested, postulating no intrinsic termination reactions, and complex initiation processes, which according to the nature of amine and monomer may involve either one or two pre-initiation equilibria.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820213
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerisation via macrozwitterions, 1. Ethyl and butyl cyanoacrylates polymerised by triethyl and triphenylphosphines (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 393-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Anionic polymerisation of ethyl and butyl cyanoacrylates in THF initiated by triethyl and triphenylphosphines were followed by adiabatic calorimetry at temperatures between 20 and -95°C. The polymers showed UV absorptions characteristic of phosphonium and cyanoacrylate carbanion end groups, indicating that the growing chains were macrozwitterions. Monomer conversion was quantitative and of 1st order in both monomer and initiator. Other criteria of ‘living’ polymerisation were satisfied, e.g. molecular weights corresponded to one chain per initiator molecule, and indicated that monomer added subsequently was incorporated on to previously formed chains. Assuming the overall rate to be that of propagation yielded values of kp = 1 - 3 · 105 dm3 · mol-1 · s-1 at -78°C, with very low activation energies, i.e. 2,2 and 5,5 kJ · mol-1 for ECA and BCA, respectively. Of a range of inert salts only LiBr significantly reduced the rate of polymerisation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820211
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerisation via macrozwitterions, 2Part 1: cf.1.. Ethyl and butyl cyanoacrylates polymerised by pyridine and polyvinylpyridine (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 407-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Anionic polymerisations of ethyl and butyl cyanoacrylates in THF initiated by pyridine and polyvinylpyridine were studied between 42 and -95°C. The polymers showed the UV absorption of quaternised pyridine, indicating that they had grown as macrozwitterions. Pyridine consumption was very low (few %) and the polymer molecular weights high (3 · 105 - 106) irrespective of reaction conditions. Overall rates increased as reaction temperature was reduced, approaching those found in phosphine-initiated polymerisations by -78°C. At 20°C the kinetics were complex, e.g. sigmoid conversion curves which reached an internal first order, yet showing apparent 2nd order external order. A qualitative kinetic interpretation is given, postulating absence of intrinsic termination processes, and a complex initiation process involving (exothermic) equilibrium formation of a precursor betaine. Polyvinylpyridine initiates graft copolymers; but only in presence of chain-terminating agents, e.g. acids, lactones or sultones, can the grafted side chains be kept short, and their number raised towards the potentially complete grafting of all pyridine groups.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820212
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analytical Carnahan-Starling-van der Waals model for solubility of hydrocarbon solids in supercritical fluids (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 773-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data have been taken by a new flow technique for the solubility of nonpolar hydrocarbons in nonpolar supercritical fluids. These results for molecularly simple molecules provide a basis for the analytical representation of such systems by relatively simple equations of state.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270511
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of optics and resists for 3000 Å wavelength photolithography with a Perkin-Elmer printer (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 1102-1109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A Model 111 Perkin-Elmer projection printer, with a 3100 Å exposure capability was evaluated for far-UV printing. The improvement found in resolution at 3100 Å compared to 4000 Å was roughly proportional to the mean exposure wavelengths in the near and far-UV as verified by electrical probe yield data of printed meander patterns. The processing latitude of various photoresists of the diazide type was found in the 1.0 μm and 2.5 μm line width range by electrically measuring the line widths of meanders etched into metal films using the appropriate resist mask. Exposures were varied continuously on individual wafers so that the resist linewidth change vs exposure could be determined using a minimum number of wafers. It was found that resists such as AZ-2400 which pass much of the exposing radiation have better latitude than those that absorb most of the exposing radiation (HPR-204, MPR). Some new, unconventional resists studied have even greater latitude than the diazide resists. Design compensations which have to be made for proximity and related effects at fine dimension are in the 0.1 μm to 0.2 μm range. Depth-of-focus for the printer studied seems to be adequate for careful work at 1.0 μm using 3100 A exposure. The overlay printing capability, which includes mask quality, operator error, and printer optics and stability, is within 0.25 μm from level-to-level.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760201613
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure elucidation with lanthanide induced shifts. 6For Part 5 see Ref. 1. - solvent effects on bound shifts and association constants (1980)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 14 (1980), S. 32-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The NMR spectra of acetone, adamantanone and 1-adamantanecarbonitrile have been studied in the presence of Eu(fod)3 in various solvents. A substantial solvent dependence is found for the association constants between shift reagent and substrate. The magnitude of the association constants is correlated with solvent polarity, and a tenfold decrease in K1 is observed upon changing from carbon tetrachloride to the more polar dichloromethane. Only a very small solvent dependence is observed for the bound shifts. The relative bound shifts (and therefore the structures of the LS complexes) are found to be solvent independent. The small solvent dependence of the absolute magnitude of the bound shifts for the LS complexes is suggested to result from experimental errors.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270140107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letters to the editor (1982)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 17 (1982), S. 643-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210171211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure elucidation with lanthanide induced shifts. 7For Part 6 see Ref. 1. - development of a reliable method for structure evaluation and the application to organic nitriles (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 15 (1981), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A useful and reliable procedure has been developed for the evaluation of the structures of organic nitriles using lanthanide shift reagents. The procedure is based on a statistical comparison of the experimental lanthanide induced shifts (LIS) with values which are predicted with the pseudocontact equation for a proposed structure. The experimental LIS are obtained by nonlinear regression analysis of the chemical shifts observed in the presence of varying amounts of the shift reagent, Eu(fod)3. The precise geometry for a proposed structure is obtained from molecular mechanics calculations. The LIS are then predicted with the pseudocontact equation using k=976.6 and a europium-nitrogen bond length of 2.50 Å. (Detailed arguments are presented in support of these values.) The carbon-nitrogen-europium array is approximately linear, although small distortions from linearity are both expected and observed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270150113
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative aspects of silver deposition in proteins resolved in complex polyacrylamide gels (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 3 (1982), S. 197-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deposition of silver or silver compounds in proteins separated in linear gradient polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels is influenced by protein concentration and location, polyacrylamide concentration, extent of washing after incubation in ammoniacal silver hydroxide solution, and development time in a citric acid: formaldehyde solution. Our modification of existing silver staining methods provided routine resolution of polypeptides separated in 1.0 to 1.5-mm-thick gels without high background staining or surface staining and with picogram detection sensitivity. Removing electrophoretic components, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sulfhydryl reagents (2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol and dithioerythreitol), glycerol, tris-glycine, carrier ampholytes, urea, and acetic acid, was essential in order to attain silver staining of proteins with a negligible background. Ammoniacal silver ions or silver ions, associated and unassociated with proteins separated in polyacrylamide gels, were removed during the washing step following incubation in ammoniacal silver hydroxide solution. Loss of stain intensity at discrete protein clusters was shown to correlate with polyacrylamide concentration in gradient gels. Standardizing the washing step enhanced reproducibility of staining. Using this silver staining method and computer-assisted image processing, it was possible to detect quantitatively as little as 27 picograms of protein per mm in 10 %-20 % linear gradient polyacrylamide gels (1.2 mm thick). Based on the lowest detection limits for Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 staining of protein (10 nanograms), this method for silver staining is at least 370-fold more sensitive.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150030404
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Standardization of protein position in silver-stained two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 5 (1984), S. 110-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methods for standardization of silver-“stained” protein position in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are presented for their application to simultaneous multiple gel systems. Four methods are discussed: the use of a single gel per simultaneous run for standardization with either (1) known quantities of commercially prepared high-or low-molecular-weight standards or (2) a known biological preparation such as T4 phage coat proteins; the use of each gel per simultaneous run to standardize itself by (3) including an internal carbamylation train such as creatine phosphokinase and using a one-dimensional gel pattern of proteins such as rat heart whole homogenate along the margin(s) or (4) identifying “marker” protein spots in test samples that occur in all gels in a given study and standardizing to relative position. Method four is discussed in detail and examples given of its use in a comparative study of proteins in spontaneous primary hepatocellular carcinomas occurring in mice, and its use compared to the other methods.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150050209
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