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  • 1
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    On the origin of corotating energetic particle events (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper examines energetic corotating particle events produced by acceleration at the forward and reverse shock pair which bounds a corotating interaction region by the process of successive multiple reflections. In the steady state, the energetic particle intensity at the shock depends only on the intensity of shock particles, and measurements of energetic particles show systematic variations between intensities at the forward and reverse shocks. It is concluded that the solar wind is the original particle population that is accelerated in the stationary shocks up to several MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 2
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    The solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The intensity changes of galactic cosmic rays associated with the enhanced solar activity during the onset of cycle 21 were observed by Pioneer 10 and Helios 1 and 2, over an extended range of energy and heliocentric distance that provides new insight into the relative importance of the various processes involved in the long-term modulation. A close correspondence is found between changes at 1 AU and those at 23 AU, for hydrogen and helium in the range of 100-200 MeV per nucleon. The time delay observed corresponds to an outward propagation velocity of some 550 km/sec, suggesting that the recently discovered, moderately long-lived, radially propagating shock waves in the outer heliosphere may play a key role in the long-term modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 249
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  • 3
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over solar maximum /cycle 20/. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Low-energy (about 60 MeV/nucleon) galactic cosmic rays observed during the recent period of solar maximum are reviewed. For this particular cycle, a significant time lag between intensity changes in the low-energy and high-energy components has been observed. Several possible explanations of this 'hysteresis effect' are discussed. The cosmic-ray intensity gradients provided by Pioneer 10 are soon to be available and are expected to provide a more definite clue to this process of cosmic-ray modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Dec. 1
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  • 4
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    The longitudinal galactic cosmic ray intensity modulation in a diffusive and a scatter-free model of the inner heliosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of energetic solar flare electrons, Jovian electrons, and low-energy solar protons have led to the suggestion that the inner heliosphere is essentially scatter free. Consideration is given to a model in which scattering is only important within the corotating interaction regions (CIR's), while the cavity formed by the CIR's in the inner heliosphere is scatter free, as compared to an interplanetary diffusion model wherein scattering is determined by the solar wind and magnetic field microstructure everywhere in the heliosphere. The two models are compared in terms of the solar wind stream associated Forbush decreases at 1 AU and the longitudinal cosmic ray nucleonic intensity variations at larger heliocentric distances (Pioneer 11 measurements at about 3 AU). It is shown that the diffusion model is able to explain consistently all longitudinal galactic cosmic ray intensity modulation measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 5
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    A statistical study of interplanetary shock associated proton intensity increases (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: Large intensity increases of low-energy protons are frequently observed in connection with interplanetary forward shocks. Essentially two different particle acceleration mechanisms to explain these 'ESP events' are presently under discussion. To find out which is the dominant process for particle acceleration a large number of these events observed on ISEE-3 was analyzed. The events with the highest fluxes of 35-56 keV protons are associated with shocks which are quasi-parallel and originate close to the central meridian of the sun, and it is concluded that they are produced by a first order Fermi acceleration process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 6
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    High time resolution observations of corotating interaction region proton events by Pioneer 11 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pioneer 11 high-time resolution, 1-min observations of energetic (about 1 MeV) proton events associated with the corotating interaction regions (CIR) are presented, together with pitch angle distributions and crude differential spectra in the energy range 0.6-3.4 MeV. The principal finding of the study is evidence for the persistent flow of protons with energies about 1 MeV away from CIR shocks. This evidence comes from the analysis of pitch angle distributions. The observations are found to be in good agreement with the hypothesis of local interplanetary shock acceleration.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-A140415 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 37-46
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  • 7
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    Galactic cosmic-ray intensity to a heliocentric distance of 18 AU (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper reports observations to heliocentric radial distances of 8.6 and 18.4 AU with Pioneer 11 and Pioneer 10 respectively. During a seven year period from March 1972 to March 1979, the galactic cosmic-ray intensity of greater than 80 MeV, as measured by detectors on Pioneers 10 and 11, exhibited aperiodic temporal variations by about a factor of 2 and on a time scale of the order of a year, and quasipersistent cyclic variations of a 26 day period and an amplitude of a few percent. For protons of an energy greater than 80 MeV, there is a fairly consistent heliocentric radial gradient of +2.1 (plus or minus 0.3%) per AU in integral intensity until 1978 April-May, at which time a substantial disruption of the distribution of cosmic rays in the heliosphere occurred.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 238
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  • 8
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    Anisotropies in the interplanetary intensity of solar protons with energies greater than 0.3 MeV. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: By using Explorer 35 interplanetary observations of solar protons with energies greater than 0.3 MeV during ten selected solar events (1967-1970) the tine dependence of intensity and of the angular distribution of intensity has been studied for the first time in the sub-MeV range of energy. The respective contributions of diffusive and convective transport are resolved. Results are qualitatively similar to those of McCracken et al. (1968, 1971) in the energy range from 7.5to 45 MeV; but, as was expected, convective transport is found to be relatively more important at the lower energies. The convective component of the anisotropy vector yields values of the solar wind velocity in good agreement with directly measured values.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-759099 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Mar. 1
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  • 9
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    The X-ray corona and the photospheric magnetic field. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Soft X-ray photographs of the solar corona have been obtained on four flights of a rocket-borne grazing incidence telescope having a resolution of a few arc sec. The configuration of the X-ray emitting structures in the corona has been compared to the magnetic field distribution measured by photospheric longitudinal magnetograms. The X-ray structures trace the three-dimensional configuration of the magnetic field through the lower corona. Active regions in the corona take the form of tubular structures connecting regions of opposite magnetic polarity within the same or adjacent chromospheric active regions. Higher, larger structures link widely separated active regions into complexes of activity covering substantial fractions of the disk. The complexes are separated by areas of low average field in the photosphere. Interconnections across the solar equator appear to originate over areas of preceding polarity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 10
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    Trapped energetic nuclei Z greater than or equal to 3 in the earth's outer radiation zone (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Geomagnetically trapped energetic nuclei Z greater than or equal to 3 in earth outer radiation zone, measuring intensity ratio to alpha particles
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; STITUTION OF RADIO A
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