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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (2)
  • 1980-1984  (2)
  • 1975-1979  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4421-4438 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The second stage of batch poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) reactor with bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) as the feed has been simulated. In this stage, the overall polymerization is not diffusion limited and is known to be a complex reaction. In this work it has been assumed to consist of polycondensation, reaction with monofunctional compounds (cetyl alcohol), redistribution, and cyclization reactions. The forward and reverse steps of each of these have been modelled in terms of the rate constants involving functional groups and the reacted bonds. The equations for the calculation of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) in batch reactors have been written and solved numerically. The MWD reported in this work is assumed to include the monofunctional products only, and, for the case where ethylene glycol is not removed from the reaction mass, it was found to be unaffected by the choice of the redistribution rate constant (kr). Since the removal of ethylene glycol is not mass transfer controlled, its concentration in the reaction mass is assumed be given by the vapor-liquid equilibrium existing at the pressure applied on the reactor. In this work, the level of ethylene glycol concentration, yg (≡[G]/[P1]0), has been taken as a parameter, and, on application of vacuum, the MWD results were found to vary with kr with the sensitivity increasing with yg. It was then shown that the importance of the redistribution reaction is enhanced when the cyclization reaction also occurs. The effect of vacuum on the performance of the reactor has been studied by varying yg. For yg less than 0.01, the change in the MWD of the polymer becomes very small. The effects of polymerization temperature and initial concentration of monofunctional compounds on MWD were found to be small.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 64 (1977), S. 169-177 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ungesättigte Polyester aus Bisphenol-A bzw. dimethyl-di-3,5-dichlor-4-hydroxyphenyl-methan und Dimethyl-di-3,5-dibrom-4-hydroxyphenyl-methan wurden einer 18 Mrad Dosis aus einer Co60-Quelle ausgesetze. Untersuchungen des Halogengehalts, der Säurezahl, der Grenzviskosität und des Isomerengehalts vor und nach der Bestrahlung deuten auf eine verhältnismäßig hohe Strahlungsbeständigkeit hin.
    Notes: Unsaturated polyesters made by using bisphenol-A, dimethyl-di-(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, and dimethyl-di-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, respectively, were exposed to a does of 18 Mrad from a Co60 source. On irradiation, there is very little change in the halogen content in the polyesters, determined by Parr Bomb method. This indicates their stability to γ-irradiation. Study of acid value, intrinsic viscosity and isomerisation of these polyesters before and after irradiation corroborates to some extent that incorporation of aromatic rings in the polyester chain stabilises it against radiation. Minor changes in acid values and intrinsic viscosities are discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 44 (1975), S. 47-65 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sieben Polyester mit verschiedenem Halogengehalt wurden hinsichtlich der Kinetik ihres Abbaus sowie ihrer flammhemmenden Wirkung untersucht. Davon hatten die Polyester Nr. 1,2,3 und 4 ein Molverhältnis von Chlorendischer Säure (Diels-Alder-Addukt aus perchloriertem Cyclopentadien und Maleinsäureanhydrid) zu Isophthalsäure von 0.25, 0.67, 1.5 und 4.0. Die Polyester 5, 6 und 7 basierten auf Dimethyl-di-(p-oxyacetoxymethylphenyl)-methan, Dimethyl-di-(3,5-dichlor-4-oxyacetoxymethylphenyl)-methan und Dimethyl-di-(3,5-dibrom-4-oxyacetoxymethylphenyl)-methan.Die Untersuchungen wurden mittels thermogravimetrischer Analyse (TGA), Differentialthermoanalyse (DTA), IR-Spektroskopie und Glühstab-Analyse ausgeführt. Die thermische Stabilität dieser Polyester nahm in der folgenden Reihenfolge ab: 5 〉 6 〉 7 〉 1 〉 2 〉 3 〉 4, wenn man die Schwellentemperatur als Maß für die thermische Stabilität betrachtet. Die aus TGA-Kurven ermittelte Temperatur bei 50-proz. Gewichtsverlust stützt dies zu einem gewissen Ausmaß. Die Untersuchungen ergaben ferner einen zweistufigen Abbau. Die erste Stufe erstreckte sich von 250-450°C, die zweite von 450-600°C. Bei der ersten Stufe verengt sich der Temperaturbereich für den Abbau mit ansteigendem Halogengehalt. Bromierung ist wirkungsvoller als Chlorierung. Die Aktivierungsenergie für den Abbau dieser Polyester zeigte den selben Trend wie die thermische Stabilität. Aber die Flammhemmung ist etwa umgekehrt zur thermischen Stabilität. Diese Untersuchungen bestätigen auch einen cyclischen Mechanismus für die Flammhemmung.
    Notes: Seven polyesters having different amounts of halogen were studied for kientics of degradation and fire retardant efficiency. Out of them, the polyesters number 1, 2, 3, and 4 had the molar ratios of chlorendic acid to isophthalic acid of 0.25, 0.67, 1.5, and 4.0 respectively. The polyesters number 5, 6, and 7 were based on dimethyl-di-(p-oxyacetoxymethylphenyl)-methane, dimethyl-di-(3,5-dichloro-4-oxyacetoxymethylphenyl) methane and dimethyl-di-(3,5-dibromo-4-oxyacetoxymethylphenyl)-methane respectively. These studies were done with the help of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), infra-red spectroscopy and glow rod apparatus. The thermal stability of these polyesters decreased in the following order: 5 〉 6 〉 7 〉 1 〉 2 〉 3 〉 4, taking the threshold temperature as a measure of the thermal stability. The 50% weight loss temperature determined from TGA curves supported this to some extent. These studies further revealed that these polyesters degrade in two stages. The first stage of degradation ranged from 250-450°C. The second stage of degradation is in the range of 450-600°C. In the first stage, the range of temperature for degradation is constricted by increasing the halogen content. Bromination is more effective than chlorination. The activation energy for degradation of these polyesters showed the same trend as the thermal stability. But the flame resistance is somewhat in the reverse order of thermal stability. These studies also confirm a cyclic mechanism for flame retardancy.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 423 (1976), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Über einige Zirkonium (IV)-oxid-VerbindungenEinige neue Zirlconium(IV)-oxid-Komplexe, ZrO(An)2, ZrO(Gly)2, ZrO(HSal)2, ZrO(HPth)2, ZrO(Pic)2(HPic)2 und ZrO(Quin)2(HQuin)2 wurden dargestellt durch Reaktion von ZrO(CH3C00)2CH3COOH mit Anthranilsäure (HAn), Glycin (HGly), Salicylsäure (H2Sal), Phthalsäure (H2Pth), Picolinsänre (HPic) und 8-Oxychinolin (HQuin). Ihre wichtigsten IR-Banden und, soweit möglich, molaren Leitfähigkeiten und Molekulargewichte werden mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Some new oxozirconium(IV) complexes: ZrO(An)2, ZrO(Gly)2, ZrO(HSal)2, ZrO(HPth)2, ZrO(Pic)2(HPic)2, and ZrO(Quin)2(H Quin)2 have been isolated from the reactions of ZrO(CH3COO)2CH3COOH with anthranilic acid (HAn), glycine (HGly), salicylic acid (H2Sal), phthalic acid (H2Pth), picolinic acid (HPic), and 8-quinolinol (HQuin) respectively. Their important infrared bands and wherever possible molar conductance and molecular weight have been reported.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 471 (1980), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemie substituierter Schwefelsäuren. X. Lösungen von Säuren und Basen in MethansulfonsäurenMethansulfonsäure ist schwächer als Schwefelsäure. Eine Zahl von anorganischen protonischen Säuren wirken in Methansulfonsäure gelöst als Säuren, während starke Basen vollständig protoniert werden. Säure-Base-Titrationen in Methansulfonsäure zeigen bei starken Säuren, daß die elektrische Leitung über CH3SO3H2+ - und CH3SO3- - Ionen erfolgt. Leitfähigkeitsmessungen zeigen die Reihenfolge der Säurestärken, s. Abstract.
    Notes: Methanesulphuric acid is weaker than sulphuric acid. A number of inorganic protonic acids act as acids in it while the strong bases are fully protonated. The acid-base titrations in it with strong acids indicate that the bulk of the current is carried by CH3SO3H2+ and CH3SO3- ions. The conductance measurements indicate that the order of the acid strength is: H[B(HSO4)4] 〉 HSO3F 〉 H2S2O7 〉 HAs(HSO4)4 〉 HSO3Cl 〉 H2SO4 〉 HX (X=Br 〉 Cl) 〉 H2SeO4.
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