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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 138-140 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a two-dimensional, remote micropositioning device that uses the bending mode of a piezoelectric bimorph for walking in the forward/reverse direction of motion. For this mode of operation step sizes range from ∼50 to 5000 nm, with a voltage sensitivity of ∼10 nm/V. Speeds of about 1 mm/s are possible. In the lateral direction of motion, the linear extension mode of the bimorph is used, giving step sizes from ∼50 to 1000 nm, with a sensitivity of ∼2 nm/V. For the walking sequence, anodized aluminum feet are electrostatically clamped to an anodized aluminum baseplate. When used as the coarse positioner in a scanning tunneling microscope, the device requires less than 100 V operating voltage, thus eliminating the high-voltage supply needed for previous piezoelectric walking devices. A circuit diagram for "joystick'' control of the micropositioner is also described.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computational mechanics 3 (1988), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 1432-0924
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A bilinear formulation of elasto-dynamics is offered which includes, as a special case, “Hamilton's law of varying action”. However, the more general bilinear formulation has several advantages over Hamilton's law. First, it admits a larger class of initial-value and boundary-value problems. Second, in its variational form, it offers physical insight into the so-called “trailing terms” of Hamilton's law. Third, numerical applications (i.e., finite elements in time) can be proven to be convergent under correct application of the bilinear formulation, whereas they can be demonstrated to diverge for specific problems under Hamilton's law. Fourth, the bilinear formulation offers automatic convergence of the “natural” velocity end conditions; while these must be constrained in present applications of Hamilton's law. Fifth, the bilinear formulation can be implemented in terms of a Larange multiplier that gives an order of magnitude improvement in the convergence of velocity. This implies that, in this form, the method is a hybrid finite-element approach.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 126 (1985), S. 449-460 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 127 (1986), S. 521-535 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 130 (1989), S. 381-392 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: transmission beet mosaic virus ; aldicarb ; change aphid behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des plantes de betterave traitées au laboratoire avec de l'aldicarbe ont stimulé la mobilité d'Aphis fabae et de deux clones de Myzus persicae, l'un sensible et l'autre résistant à des insecticides contenant des carbamates. Par ailleurs, le nombre de pucerons en train de sonder les feuilles ainsi que le nombre total de sondages ont été réduits et ainsi la transmission du virus de la mosaïque de la betterave (BMV) a été limitée. Dans des expériences à l'extérieur, la vitesse de propagation de BMV par des pucerons sur des plantes traitées à l'aldicarbe a été aussi plus limitée. Le nombre de plantes contaminées diminuait avec la distance de la source de contamination.
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory experiments treatment of sugar-beet plants with aldicarb stimulated the mobility of Aphis fabae and two clones of Myzus persicae which were susceptible (S) and resistant (R) to carbamate-based insecticides, respectively. On the other hand, the number of aphids probing and the total number of probes made was reduced, and hence the transmission of beet mosaic virus (BMV) was restricted. In outdoor experiments the spread of BMV from aldicarb-treated plants by naturally infesting aphids was also restricted. The number of infected plants decreased with increasing distance from the sources of infection.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 327-341 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: beet yellows virus ; closterovirus ; beet mild yellowing virus ; luteovirus ; systemic virus transport ; phloem translocation ; phyllotaxis ; leaf arrangement ; leaf appearance ; temperature sum ; symptom development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Suikerbieteplanten die besmet zijn met het bietevergelingsvirus, BYV, of met het zwakke vergelingsvirus, BMYV, ontwikkelen symptomen op de geïnoculeerde bladeren, waarop infectieuze bladluizen virus hebben overgedragen, én op de systemisch besmette bladeren waarheen het virus vanuit de geïnoculeerde bladeren is getransporteerd via het vaatsysteem. Bladeren die op het moment van infectie nog niet verschenen zijn of vlak ervóór zijn verschenen, worden systemisch besmet, terwijl oudere bladeren gezond blijven. De infectiedatum kan worden bepaald door aan de hand van temperatuursommen de verschijningsdatum van het oudste systemisch besmette blad te berekenen. Deze methode bleek bij toetsing in het veld goed te voldoen.
    Notes: Abstract Sugar-beet plants, infected with beet yellows virus (BYV, closterovirus group) or beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV, luteovirus group) develop symptoms on the inoculated leaves on which aphids infected the plant. Symptoms develop also on the systemically-infected leaves to which virus has been transported via the phloem. Systemic infection occurs in the leaves which have just, or not yet appeared at the moment of infection of the plant. All other, older leaves remain uninfected. The infection-date can be estimated by assessing the date of appearance of the oldest systemicallyinfected leaf of a plant. This approach was tested in the field and gave good results.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 241-258 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: beet yellows virus ; closterovirus ; beet mild yellowing virus ; luteovirus ; Myzus persicae ; local symptoms ; systemic symptoms ; plant age ; temperature sum ; leaf growth ; estimation of date of infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting De incubatieperiode van het bietevergelingsvirus, BYV, en het zwakke-bietevergelings-virus, BMYV, nam toe naarmate suikerbieteplanten later in het seizoen geïnfecteerd werden. Jonge planten ontwikkelden BYV-symptomen na ongeveer 3 weken terwijl na gewassluiting de incubatieperiode geleidelijk toenam tot 9 weken. De incubatieperiode van BMYV nam toe van 4 à 5 weken na inoculatie in juni tot 9 weken na inoculatie in augustus. Geïnoculeerde bladeren ontwikkelden ongeveer een week eerder symptomen dan de systemisch geïnfecteerde bladeren, behalve bij jonge planten, geïnfecteerd met BYV, waar de symptomen zich op beide typen bladeren tegelijkertijd ontwikkelden. De incubatieperiode nam bij hogere temperatuur af en, afhankelijk van de leeftijd van de plant (aantal bladeren) was een bepaalde temperatuursom nodig voor de ontwikkeling van symptomen. Deze temperatuursom nam toe met de ouderdom van de plant. Van alle systemisch besmette bladeren, vertoonden de oudste, welke juist verschenen op het moment dat de plant werd geïnfecteerd, als eerste symptomen. Dit gebeurde zodra of kort nadat ze hun uiteindelijke grootte hadden bereikt. Groeiende bladeren vertoonden nooit vergelingssymptomen. De trage bladexpansie in oude planten en bij lage temperaturen is een mogelijke oorzaak van de lange incubatieperiode aan het einde van het seizoen. De incubatieperiode werd niet duidelijk beïnvloed door inoculatieomstandigheden, zoals (1) het aantal groene perzikluizen,Myzus persicae, dat werd gebruikt voor inoculatie, (2) het aantal geïnoculeerde bladeren, (3) de ouderdom van het geïnoculeerde blad, (4) de bronplant van BMYV, biet of herderstasje, of (5) de vector species. Omdat de incubatieperiode niet in belangrijke mate afhankelijk is van deze factoren kan bij kennis van de datum waarop symptomen verschenen de infectiedatum worden bepaald op basis van de incubatieperiode.
    Notes: Abstract In three years field trials, the incubation period, i.e. the time between infection and the appearance of symptoms, of beet yellows virus (BYV) and beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) increased with later infection during the growing season. The incubation period of BYV, a closterovirus, increased from 3 weeks in young plants infected before canopy closure, to 9 weeks in old plants infected in August. The incubation period of BMYV, a luteovirus, increased from 4 to 5 weeks in young plants to 9 weeks in old plants. Symptoms were observed c. one week earlier on the inoculated leaves than on those infected systemically, except on young BYV-infected plants. On these plants, symptoms developed in 3 weeks on both leaf types. The incubation period decreased at increasing temperature, a fixed temperature sum being required for the development of symptoms on plants of a certain age. This temperature sum increased with plant age. Symptom development was related to leaf growth; the systemic symptoms appeared after the infected leaves attained their final size. Young, expanding leaves did not show symptoms. Thus the development of symptoms seems to be related to physiological conditions occurring only in full-grown leaves. A low rate of leaf expansion may constitute the underlying reason for the long incubation period of virus symptoms in old plants and at low temperatures. The incubation period was not substantially affected by: (1) the number ofMyzus persicae used to inoculate the plants, (2) the number of leaves inoculated, (3) the development stage of the inoculated leaf and (4) the source plant of BMYV, beet or shepherd's-purse,Capsella bursapastoris. The incubation period can be used to obtain rough estimates of the infection-date of individual plants, given the date on which symptoms appear.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: canopy photosynthesis ; evapotranspiration ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate (PN), evapotranspiration rate (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE=PN/ET) of field grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum) L. cv. H-355 were studied from the vegetative phase through maturirty at Haryana Agricultural University Farm, Hissar, India. The maximum photosynthetic rate (PN max) increased from the initial vegetative phase to pod formation and declined at a rapid rate from pod filling to maturity. The response of PN to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) (400–700 nm) was temperature-dependent during the day, i.e. on cool days the PN rates were lower for certain quanta of PPFD during the first half than during the second half of day, and vice versa on warm days. ET was affected both by crop cover and evaporative demand up to flowering, but thereafter it was independent of crop cover and followed the course of evaporative demand. ET was related to air temperature during the day while PN was related to PPFD. There was a lag of two to three hours between PNmax (around noon) and ETmax (around 2 p.m.). WUE increased from the vegetative stage through flowering but decreased thereafter to maturity.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 32 (1989), S. 397-404 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; inoculation of tuber slices ; infection of plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eye-bearing slices, cut from healthy potato tubers and placed between Parafilm membranes, were inoculated with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae. PLRV was detected by ELISA and by transmission tests in tuber slices and in plants grown from the slices of the susceptible cv. Désirée, but not in those of the resistant cv. Arkula. These results suggest that PLRV replication and transport within tuber phloem is controlled by specific mechanisms of resistance.M. persicae was also able to acquire and transmit PLRV toPl floridana from slices cut from tubers of infected plants. The aphids effectively transmitted PLRV from slices cut from the sprouting rose end but they failed to transmit it from slices cut from the heel end of tubers.
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