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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic detection for underground pipes (abstract) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6029-6029 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic detection has been investigated for use in detecting the location of underground pipelines, such as gas and water lines, by inputting a signal current into a pipeline and detecting magnetic field ((approximately-less-than)100 μG) generated by that current. Measurement factors necessary for accurate detection have been experimentally determined and are discussed. From measurements made on signal current distribution (the current flowing in pipes and leaking from them to ground), it has been concluded that detection error is caused by the leakage current, namely, the current to ground. The detection error is due to the noncenter symmetric distribution of the ground current flowing around a pipe. Even though the ground current is inevitable when flowing a signal current into pipes, it is possible to reduce the error by reducing the nonsymmetry by lowering the signal frequency below 10 kHz in this work. The ground current distribution was obtained by measuring the potential difference between two electrodes, both of which were rod shaped and inserted in the ground to the same depth. At low frequencies below 10 kHz, the ground current distribution in a cross section perpendicular to the pipe showed a rather center symmetry around the pipe, while at high frequencies the distribution changed to a noncenter symmetry with a significant current increase in a region near the ground surface. The drastic change in the distribution of the ground current was also confirmed by magnetic field distribution measurements conducted on the ground using three orthogonally arranged magnetic sensors, each with a sensitivity of 1 μG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342140
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pipe locator for imaging underground pipelines (abstract) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6030-6030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recently, it becomes more important to locate the complex piping patterns such as tee, bend, riser, and the others with high accuracy for maintenance and protection of city gas pipelines. Hence, we have developed a new pipe locator system for imaging the complex underground pipelines using magnetic remote sensing techniques. The main framework of this development is the application of the pattern recognition of the magnetic field distribution to the location of buried pipelines in urban areas. The first step for imaging the complex pipelines is to measure the three-dimensional magnetic field distribution with high accuracy which is generated by the passage of the alternating signal current through buried pipeline. For this purpose a portable trolley unit which is capable of scanning the ground to collect data, the 10 three-axes coil sensors with a sensitivity of 1 μG which are aligned in the unit, and a filter system using a FFT signal processor which eliminates urban magnetic noise as high as 10 mG in some cases, were developed. The second step is to process the magnetic field distribution data, to extract the feature of the underground pipeline using the contour diagram and the three-dimensional drawing of the magnetic field, and to identify the complex piping patterns. Further, we recognized that a nonlinear least-square method algorithm for calculation of the pipeline's position was useful to improve the location accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342141
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of the number of electrons in electron avalanches at voltages in excess of the sparking value (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 995-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: For times greater than the electron transit time, a suitable statistical theory of the total number of electrons in avalanches is presented, and compared with the results simulated by the Monte Carlo method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334538
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astrophysical Contributions of the International Ultraviolet Explorer (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 27 (1989), S. 397-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.27.090189.002145
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratospheric clouds and ozone depletion in the Arctic during January 1989 (1989)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 340 (1989), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Stratospheric clouds, believed to be necessary for springtime polar ozone depletion to take place, were detected with balloon-borne sensors at Kiruna, Sweden during January 1989, the coldest January in the north polar stratosphere for at least 25 years. Comparison of the ozone profile in the region ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340117a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation kinetics of iron sulfide in the form of dense plate, pellet and single particle (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 35 (1989), S. 1751-1759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird das Oxydationsverhalten von dichten Plättchen, Pelletts und einzelnen Partikeln aus Magnetkies verglichen. Bei der Oxydation von dichten FeS-Plättchen geschieht in erster Linie eine Oxydation von Eisen unter Bildung einer dichten Oxidschicht während des frühen Stadiums der Oxydation, anschließend daran erfolgt die Oxydation begleitet durch die Entstehung von SO2-Gas, insofern die Zusammensetzung von Magnetkies Fe0.9S erreicht. Da Pellets aus feinen Partikeln bestehen, laufen bei der Oxydation von FeS-Pellets beide obengenannten Oxydationsvorgänge gleichzeitig ab. Bei der Oxydation von einzelnen Partikeln geringer Größe entzünden sich diese wegen der Oxydationswärme, die Partikel schmelzen in einer Zeit von weniger als 1 Sekunde.
    Abstract: Резюме Сопоставлен процесс окисления пирротита в форме плотных пласти нок, таблеток и его отдельных частиц. При окислении плотны х пластинок FeS на ранней стадии окис ления имеет место предпочтитель ное окисление железа с образованием плотно го оксидного слоя, а последующее окислен ие сопровождается вы делением двуокиси серы, после ч его состав пирротита становитс я Fe0.9S. При окислении таб леток FeS обе вышеуказанные ре акции протекают одновреме нно, поскольку таблет ки состоят из очень мелких части ц. При окислении отдельных частиц мал ого размера происход ит их воспламенение, что об условлено теплотой окисления, вследстви и чего частицы плавят ся в течении времени меньше одной секунды.
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behaviours of pyrrhotite in the form of dense plate, pellet and single particle were compared. In the oxidation of dense plate of FeS, preferential oxidation of iron took place to form a dense oxide layer in the earlier stage of oxidation, and the subsequent oxidation accompanying the evolution of SO2 gas proceeded after the composition of pyrrhotite attained Fe0.9S. In the oxidation of FeS pellet, both the above reactions take place simultaneously because the pellet consists of fine particles. In the oxidation of single particle of small size, ignition of the particle occurred due to the heat of oxidation, and the particle melted in a very short time less than 1 second.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01911664
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aircraft measurements of oxides of nitrogen along the eastern rim of the Asian continent: Winter observations (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 5 (1987), S. 37-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Oxides of Nitrogen ; NO ; NO2 ; NO x ; NO y ; free troposphere ; tropopause fold
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Aircraft observations of oxides of nitrogen (NO y ), measured with a ferrous sulfate converter, over the sea surrounding the Japanese islands (30–43° N, 131–141° E) were carried out in the winter of 1983 and 1984 at altitudes mostly between 3 and 8 km. NO y defined here is the sum of NO, NO2, and other unstable oxides of nitrogen that are converted to NO by ferrous sulfate. The main observations were: (1) Over the Pacific Ocean between the latitudes of 30–35° N, the observed NO y mixing ratio between 3 and 8 km was a fairly constant 200 pptv. The NO mixing ratio increased with altitude from 15 pptv at 3 km to 35 pptv at 7 km. (2) Over the Sea of Japan, tropospheric NO y mesured between 1 and 6 km started increasing with latitude North of 35° N and reached about 1000 pptv at 40° N. (3) NO y was measured in an air mass transported from the stratosphere near a tropopause fold region. When the ozone mixing ratio was between 80 and 140 ppbv, the NO y mixing ratio was about 200 pptv.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192502
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercomparison of NO column measurements during MAP/GLOBUS 1985 (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 7 (1988), S. 353-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; intercomparison ; chemiluminescence ; infrared ; ultraviolet ; photochemical predictions ; GLOBUS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Column measurements of nitric oxide were made using several techniques during the MAP/GLOBUS campaign in France in September 1985. The data sets are nearly co-located and simultaneous, therefore allowing a valid intercomparison of the various measurement methods. The range of altitudes sampled differs from instrument to instrument. This complicates the comparison because the data sets are to some extent complementary. The NO distributions apparently vary significantly from day to day, and possibly over shorter timescales. Changes in dynamics may be responsible for these variations. The results from the instruments which measure in the infrared and the ultraviolet are self-consistent, and show good agreement with photochemical predictions. On 19 September, when the intercomparison was made, the profile measured by the in-situ chemiluminescent instrument differed significantly from the predicted profile, and the measured columns were generally higher.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00058710
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide profiles measured in situ during the Globus '85 campaign (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 8 (1989), S. 229-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; stratosphere ; troposphere ; Globus diurnal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide profiles obtained from three flights of chemiluminescent instruments during the Globus '85 campaign held in France in the autumn of 1985 are reported. When the profile obtained in the early morning of 20 September is compared with the flight made the previous afternoon, an average morning to midday NO ratio of 0.7 for the region between 26 and 33 km is obtained. This value is in good agreement with theoretical studies involving the photolysis of N2O5 and the establishment of the NO2−NO equilibrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051495
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tropospheric ozone and oxides of nitrogen over the north-western Pacific in summer (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 6 (1988), S. 235-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Ozone ; oxides of nitrogen ; H2O ; troposphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In summer, atmospheric ozone was measured from an aircraft platform simultaneously with nitric oxide (NO), oxides of nitrogen (NO y ), and water vapor over the Pacific Ocean in east Asia from 34° N to 19° N along the longitude of 138±3°E. NO y was measured with the aid of a ferrous sulfate converter. The altitude covered was from 0.5 to 5 km. A good correlation in the smoothed meridional distributions between ozone and NO y was seen. In particular, north of 25° N, ozone and NO y mixing ratios were considerably higher than those observed in tropical marine air south of 25° N. NO y and O3 reached a minimum of 50 pptv and 4 ppbv respectively in the boundary layer at a latitude of 20° N. The NO concentration between 2 and 5 km at the same latitude was 30 pptv. The profiles of ozone and water vapor mixing ratios were highly anti-correlated between 25° N and 20° N. In contrast, it was much poorer at the latitude of 33° N, suggesting a net photochemical production of ozone there.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053858
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