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  • 1
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    The helium abundance of Uranus from Voyager measurements (1987)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Planetary infrared astronomy using a cryogenic postdisperser on Fourier transform spectrometers (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: High resolution infrared spectra of planets from ground-based observatories were analyzed and instrumentation to improve sensitivity was developed. A cryogenic postdisperser (a narrow bandpass spectral filter) for use with Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS's) at facility observatories was constructed. This instrument has improved the sensitivity of FTS observations at 8 to 20 microns by about an order of magnitude. Spectra of Jupiter, Saturn and Comet Halley were obtained using the postdisperser with FTS facilities at the Kitt Peak 4-meter and McMath telescopes. Spectral resolution as high as 0.01/cm was achieved.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 36-37
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Balloon-borne cryogenic spectrometer for measurement of lower stratospheric trace constituents (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A liquid-nitrogen cooled, multidetector Fourier transform spectrometer has been constructed to measure minor stratospheric constituents via high resolution, earth-limb emission spectroscopy from a balloon-borne platform. Cryogenic cooling, combined with the use of extrinsic silicon photoconductor detectors cooled to liquid-helium temperature, allows the detection of weak emission features of gaseous species. The spectrometer has two basic scan modes: the first mode records the continuous spectrum from 650-2100/cm with 0.2/cm resolution; the second simultaneously records four preselected narrow intervals (about 175/cm bandpass each) with 0.02/cm resolution, unapodized. Filtering of the interferogram signal is done by real-time, digital signal processing. The most important feature of this flat mirror Michelson system, with respect to remote balloon-borne operation, is the dynamic alignment system which maintains the relative parallelism of the two flat reflectors of the interferometer. Species identified to date in data obtained during a Nov. 6, 1984, flight include: CO2, O3, H2O, CH4, HNO3, N2O, NO2, NO, CCl3F (Freon-11) and CF2Cl2 (Freon-12).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The helium abundance of Uranus from Voyager measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager radio-occultation and IR spectroscopy measurements are combined to infer an He mole fraction in the upper troposphere of Uranus of 0.152 + or - 0.033; the corresponding mass fraction is Y = 0.262 + or - 0.048. This value is in agreement with recent estimates of the solar He abundance, suggesting that He differentiation has not occurred on Uranus. Comparisons with values previously obtained for Jupiter and Saturn imply that migration of He toward the core began long ago on Saturn and may also have recently begun on Jupiter. The protosolar He abundance inferred from the Uranus measurements and from recent solar evolutionary models is used along with an assumed primordial He mass fraction of 0.23-0.24 to estimate a 3-4-percent enrichment of He in the interstellar medium between the big bang and the origin of the solar system. The result is in agreement with galactic chemical evolution models which include a substantial decrease in D during the evolutionary process.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 15003-15
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Postdispersion system for astronomical observations with Fourier transform spectrometers in the thermal infrared (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A postdispersion system for astronomical observations with Fourier transform spectrometers in the thermal infrared has been developed which improves the sensitivity of radiation noise limited observations by reducing the spectral range incident on the detector. Special attention is given to the first-generation blocked impurity band detector. Planetary, solar, and stellar observations are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 28; 139-145
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Infrared observations of the Neptunian system (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager 2's IR observations of Neptune encompass thermal emissions and broadband radiometer measurements of reflected solar radiation. Temperature maps were obtained for the planet between 80 deg S and 30 deg N for two atmospheric layers, one in the lower stratosphere and the other in the troposphere. The relatively warm pole and equator, with cooler midlatitudes, are qualitatively similar to Uranus, despite the two planets' very different obliquities and internal heat fluxes. Powerful wavelike longitudinal thermal structure is noted, of which some appears to be associated with the Great Dark Spot; a localized cold region uncorrelated with any visible feature is found in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1454-145
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Infrared observations of the Uranian system (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Initial results are presented from analyses of IR interferometer spectrometer data collected by Voyager 2 during passes of Uranus and the moons Miranda and Ariel. The data covered reflected solar radiation in the visible and near-IR and thermal emissions between 25 and 50 microns. An equatorial atmospheric He mole fraction of 0.10-0.20 and a mass fraction of 0.16-0.34 was observed for Uranus. Para-hydrogen was also a significant fraction Uranus CH4 atmosphere. Average polar and equatorial spectra were employed to generate vertical temperature profiles between 60-900 mbar, with the finding that the temperatures at the equator and the poles are markedly similar between 400-900 mbar. The effective temperature of Uranus had a calculated upper limit of about 59.4 K, while the subsolar temperatures of Miranda and Arial were around 86 and 84 K, respectively. The albedos of the two satellites indicated surface microstructures composed of isotopically scattering grains.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 70-74
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Infrared spectroscopy of the lower stratosphere with a balloon-borne cryogenic Fourier spectrometer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The IR limb emission of the lower stratosphere has been measured using a balloon-borne liquid nitrogen-cooled Michelson interferometer with liquid helium-cooled Si:Ga detectors. Portions of the thermal emission spectrum have been recorded between 650 and 2000/cm with an unapodized spectral resolution of 0.03/cm. This is the highest spectral resolution limb emission thus far obtained. A preliminary description is given of these data along with a discussion of the significant features. Species identified to date include CO2, O3, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, H2O, CH4, HNO3, N2O, NO2, and ClONO2. A tentative identification is made for NO, representing the first direct spectroscopic detection of NO in emission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 545-553
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Thermal structure and heat balance of the outer planets (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Current knowledge of the thermal structure and energy balance of the outer planets is summarized. The Voyager spacecraft experiments have provided extensive new information on the atmospheric temperatures and energetics of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. All three planets show remarkably small global-scale horizontal thermal contrast, indicating efficient redistribution of heat within the atmospheres or interiors. Horizontal temperature gradients on the scale of the zonal jets indicate that the winds decay with height in the upper troposphere. This suggests that the winds are driven at deeper levels and are subjected to frictional damping of unknown origin at higher levels. Both Jupiter and Saturn have internal power sources equal to about 70 percent of the absorbed solar power. This result is consistent with the view that significant helium differentiation has occurred on Saturn. Uranus has an internal power no greater than 13 percent of the absorbed solar power, while earth-based observations suggest Neptune has an internal power in excess of 100 percent of the absorbed solar power.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Instrumentation for remote sensing from space (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The design options available for satellite-based remote sensing are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the process of fitting the instrumental capabilities to the scientific goals of a particular program, to the payload capacity of the launch vehicle, and to the operational envelope of the satellite. Various materials and instrument configurations are inventoried for imaging systems for, e.g., detecting and mapping particles, X-rays, visible and IR radiation. Numerous examples of instruments on Voyager, Mariner and Landsat satellites are cited, along with the discoveries which they permitted.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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