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  • 1985-1989  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 33 (1986), S. 3-25 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 4 Kolonien der HummelartBombus terrestris L. wurde die Entstehung der sozialen Struktur und der Fortpflanzungserfolg von Königin und Arbeiterinnen untersucht. Die Entwicklung der Kolonien wurde in 4 Perioden unterteilt. Nur in der letzten Periode legten Arbeiterinnen Eier. Für die Untersuchungen zur sozialstruktur, der Völker wurden die Methoden von v.Honk & Hogeweg (1981) verwendet, um ihre Ergebnisse, die an nur einem einzigen Volk erzielt wurden, zu überprüfen. Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen folgendes: 1. In allen Perioden existiert eine Dominanzhierarchie, an deren Spitze die Königin steht. 2. Dominanzverhalten ist positiv mit der Aktivität im Nest (Anzahl der Interaktionen) korreliert. 3. In jeder Periode nehmen einige Arbeiterinnen einen Rang in der Hierarchie nahe der Königin ein. Sie werden ‘Elite Arbeiterinnen’ genannt und sind durch spezifische Verhaltensweisen characterisiert. Arbeiterinnen, die dauernd der Elitegruppe angehören legen in der letzten Periode der Volksentwicklung Eier. Im Gegensatz zu v.Honk & Hogeweg (1981) fanden wir jedoch: 1. Der prozentuale Anteil dieser Arbeiterinnen kann in den einzelnen Kolonien und in den verschiedenen Perioden unterschiedlich sein; er ist aber immer kleiner als 1/2 und nimmt in der Regel während der Volksentwicklung ab. 2. Die Wachstumsrate unserer Völker ist signifikant größer. 3. Nur 33% derjenigen Arbeiterinnen, die während der ersten 3 Perioden die Elitegruppe erreichen, befinden sich auch noch am Ende der 4. Periode darin. Die restlichen Arbeiterinnen fallen in der Hierarchie, weil sie entweder zu alt sind oder zu sammeln beginnen; Sammlerinnen nehmen innerhalb kurzer Zeit einen niedrigen Rang ein. Die Stabilität der Elitegruppe hängt wahrscheinlich auch von der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit des betreffenden Volkes ab. 4. Arbeiterinnen, die erst in der 4. Periode schlüpfen, nachdem ältere Arbeiterinnen mit der Eiabage begonnen haben, können nicht mehr die Elitegruppe erreichen. Obwohl Elite Arbeiterinnen häufig Eier legen, bleibt ihr Fortpflanzungserfolg gering; die Königin frißt alle Eier, die von Arbeiterinnen gelegt wurden. Sie beginnt mit der Ablage von Drohnen-Eiern bevor die Arbeiterinnen anfangen Eier zu legen, so daß die meisten Drohnen von ihr abstammen. Mögliche Gründe für den Wechsel von der Ablage besamter zur Ablage unbesamter Eier der Königin sowie für den Beginn der Eiablage der Arbeiterinnen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary We investigated the ontogeny of the social structure in relation to the reproductive success of its members in four colonies of the bumblebeeBombus terrestris L. In all four colonies, the time of colony development was divided into four periods. Only in the last period did worker-oviposition occur. For analysing the social structure of the nests, we used the same methods as used earlier by v.Honk & Hogeweg (1981), in order to test their results, which were based on one colony only. Our results confirm theirs in: 1. There exists a social hierarchy during all periods of colony development, in which the queen is always in the α-position. 2. Dominance behaviour is positively correlated with activity (i.e. the number of interactions of a bee) in the nest. 3. A number of the workers present in each period hold a position in the hierarchy close to the queen. These workers are called elite workers. They show a characteristic behavioural pattern, in which egg laying by the elite workers occurs in the last period of colony development. However, contrary to their findings we observed: 1. The proportion of elite workers varies from one period to another and from one colony to another, but is always less than 1/2 and generally decreases during colony development. 2. The growth rate of our colonies is significantly larger. 3. Only 33% of the workers which reach an elite position in one of the first periods, remain in such position through the last period. The dropping of the other 67% appears to be due to age and foraging: foragers quickly drop to a low position in the social hierarchy. Stability of the elite group is probably also related to the growth rate of the colonies. 4. Workers which emerge more than three days after the onset of the last period (i.e. after the start of worker egg laying) have no more chance of becoming elite workers. Not withstanding the extensive egg laying activity of the elite workers, their reproductive success is small; the queen eats most of the worker-laid eggs. Since, moreover, the queen starts to lay unfertilized eggs before the workers start to oviposit, she has the parentage of most of the males. Some possible reasons, for the queen's ‘switch’ to the production of unfertilized eggs and for the start of worker egg laying are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 55 (1987), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that a convolution with certain reasonable receptive field (RF) profiles yields the exact partial derivatives of the retinal illuminance blurred to a specified degree. Arbitrary concatenations of such RF profiles yield again similar ones of higher order and for a greater degree of blurring. By replacing the illuminance with its third order jet extension we obtain position dependent geometries. It is shown how such a representation can function as the substrate for “point processors” computing geometrical features such as edge curvature. We obtain a clear dichotomy between local and multilocal visual routines. The terms of the truncated Taylor series representing the jets are partial derivatives whose corresponding RF profiles closely mimic the well known units in the primary visual cortex. Hence this description provides a novel means to understand and classify these units. Taking the receptive field outputs as the basic input data one may devise visual routines that compute geometric features on the basis of standard differential geometry exploiting the equivalence with the local jets (partial derivatives with respect to the space coordinates).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 53 (1986), S. 383-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Many useful notions of partial order and/or similarity and relatedness of different geometrical features of smooth shapes that occur in psychologically valid descriptions of shape have no equivalents in the usual geometrical shape theories. This is especially true where similarities are noted between objects of different connectivity: in almost all of the present theories the topological type generates the primary categorization. It is argued that such relations find a logical place only in shape theories that involve morphogenesis. Any object can be embedded uniquely in a morphogenetic sequence if one takes resolution as the parameter of the sequence. A theory of measurement is presented that allows one to define surfaces and (boundary-) curves on multiple levels of resolution. The embedding is essentially unique and is generated via a partial differential equation that governs the evolution. A canonical projection connects any high resolution specimen to lower resolution versions. The bifurcation set of the projection generates natural part boundaries. Singularities of the evolution are completely characterized as emergence, accretion and versification processes (involving topological change) and singularities by which inflections (inflection points for curves, parabolic curves for surfaces) are generated. The latter singularities involve a single process for the generation of inflections and three other processes by which the existing inflection structure may be changed. Relations with existing theories in vogue in robotics and AI, as well as in psychophysics are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1987-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0340-1200
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0770
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1986-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0340-1200
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0770
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Published by Springer
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