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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 77 (1988), S. 295-307 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract With the aid of published constitutive flow laws for common crustal and upper mantle rock types, it is possible to construct curves showing variation of rock strength with depth in the continental lithosphere, assuming a particular crustal stratification of rock types and a particular geothermal gradient. Such exercises lead to the conclusion that marked changes in strength can occur at major petrological interfaces, such as the Moho discontinuity, which are therefore likely to be associated with a tendency for major, sub-horizontal detachments to form. Constitutive flow laws used for such purposes are usually assumed to represent steady-state flow, at constant rock microstructure. We argue that perhaps the most significant tectonic displacements of rock masses occur across major, localized shear zones, characterized by intense grain-size reduction, and illustrate this by reference to deformation in the metabasic and ultrabasic rocks of the lower part of the Ivrea Zone of northern Italy, which is believed to provide a section through what was once part of the deep continental crust. Calculations of the variation of the flow strength with depth of rocks should therefore use flow laws which include provision for strain dependent variations of strength, arising from strain dependent microstructural changes. We use the results of recent studies of grain-size dependent flow of olivine to estimate strain dependent variations in the flow strength of the sub-continental upper mantle, arising from dynamic recrystallization. From this we argue that after an initial period of flow at high stress, parts of the upper mantle can become very weak, if grain size is sufficiently reduced. Under favourable circumstances, flow can be concentrated immediately below the Moho, or in a band below the Moho. Such behaviour is consistent with our observations of the behaviour of dunites in the Ivrea Zone, and with some interpretations of upper mantle seismic reflectors.
    Abstract: Résumé En utilisant les lois de fluage fournies par la littérature à propos des roches courantes de la croûte et du manteau supérieur, il est possible de construire des courbes montrant la variation de la rigidité des roches en fonction de la profondeur dans la lithosphére continentale, ceci pour un gradient géothermique déterminé et pour une superposition déterminée des divers types de roches dans la croûte. De telles recherches conduisent à la conclusion que des changements brusques de rigidité peuvent se produire aux interfaces pétrologiques majeures, telle la discontinuité Moho; ces interfaces apparaissent de la sorte comme des endroits favorables à la production de décollements subhorizontaux importants. Les lois de fluage utilisées sont généralement supposées s'appliquer à la déformation plastique d'une roche à microstructure constante. Les auteurs pensent que les déplacements tectoniques les plus significatifs des masses rocheuses s'opèrent le long de shear zones localisées, caractérisées par une forte réduction de la taille des grains. Cette conception est illustrée par la déformation des roches basiques et ultrabasiques de la partie inférieure de la zone d'Ivrée (Italie du Nord), considérée comme une coupe à travers une partie d'une ancienne croûte continentale profonde. Les calculs de la variation de la ductilité des roches en fonction de la profondeur devraient donc utiliser des lois de fluage qui tiennent compte des variations de rigidité résultant des modifications microstructurales induites par la déformation. Les auteurs ont utilisé les résultats d'études récentes relatives aux relations entre le fluage de l'olivine et sa granularité; ils ont appliqué ces données à l'estimation de la manière dont varie la ductilité en fonction de la déformation dans le manteau supérieur sub-continental, dont les roches résultent de la recristallisation dynamique. Il en concluent qu'après une période initiale de flux sous haute contrainte, certaines parties du manteau supérieur peuvent devenir très déformables si leur grain a été suffisamment réduit. Dans des circonstances favorables, le flux peut se concentrer immédiatement sous Moho, ou se répartir dans une zone située sous Moho. Un tel comportement est en accord avec celui des dunites de la zone d'Ivrée, ainsi qu'avec l'interprétation des réflecteurs sismiques du manteau supérieur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von veröffentlichten wesentlichen Fließgesetzen für die meisten Krusten- und oberen Mantelgesteinstypen ist es möglich Kurven zu konstruieren, die Variationen in der Gesteinsfestigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefe innerhalb der kontinentalen Kruste zeigen. Dies unter der Annahme einer bestimmten krustalen Schichtung der Gesteinstypen sowie einem bestimmten geothermischen Gradienten. Derartige Untersuchungen führen zu dem Schluß, daß deutliche Unterschiede in der Gesteinsfestigkeit an markanten petrologischen Grenzflächen auftreten können, wie z. B an der Moho-Diskontinuität. Derartige Grenzflächen haben somit wahrscheinlich die Tendenz subhorizontale Ablösungsflächen auszubilden. Die allgemeinen Fließgesetze, die für diese Berechnungen angewandt wurden, repräsentieren gewöhnlich bei unverändertem Gesteinsmikrogefüge den »steady-state«Zustand. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die bedeutendsten tektonischen Verschiebungen in den Gesteinsmassen entlang großer, definierter Scherzonen stattfinden, die durch intensive Korngrößenreduktion charakterisiert werden. Belegt wird dies anhand der Deformation in den metabasischen und ultrabasischen Gesteinen des tieferen Teiles der Ivrea-Zone in Norditalien, von der angenommen wird, daß sie einen Schnitt durch denjenigen Teil darstellt, der ehemals dem tieferen Abschnitt der kontinentalen Kruste angehörte. Berechnungen der Variation der Fließfähigkeit von Gesteinen in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefe sollten daher Fließgesetze verwenden, die deformationsabhängige Variationen im Festigkeitsverhalten, das sich aus dem deformationsabhängigen Gefügewechsel ergibt, berücksichtigen. Wir benutzen die Ergebnisse neuerer Untersuchungen über korngrößenabhängiges Fließen von Olivin, um die Deformationsabhängigen Variationen im Fließverhalten des subkontinentalen oberen Mantels, das aus der dynamischen Rekristallisation entsteht, abzuschätzen. Hieraus läßt sich schließen, daß nach einer anfänglichen Periode des Fließens bei hohem Streß Teile des oberen Mantels sehr weich werden können, sofern nur die Korngröße genügend reduziert wird. Unter günstigen Bedingungen kann sich das Fließen direkt unter, zumindest aber in einem Bereich unter der Moho konzentrieren. Ein derartiges Verhalten steht in Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungen des Verhaltens der Dunite in der Ivrea-Zone sowie mit Interpretationen von seismischen Reflektoren des oberen Mantels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 3-30 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Structural Geology ; faults ; S. E. Spain ; experimental rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fault rocks formed in phyllosilicate-bearing rocks formed over a wide range of environmental conditions within the Earth's crust are characterised by similar structural and microstructural features. The most striking of these are (a) P foliation, defined by the preferred alignment of phyllosilicates in a plane oblique to the direction of shear and (b) small-scale shear zones either parallel to the shear direction (Y shears) or oblique to the direction of shear but with the opposite sense of obliquity relative to the P foliation (Riedel shears, R1). The minor shear zones have the same sense of displacement as the host shear zone. The occurrence of these and other structures in clay-rich fault gouges from exceptionally well-exposed fault zones in southeastern Spain is described. The pervasive development of these flow structures throughout large volumes of fault gouge permits fault-displacement vectors to be inferred. For the region studied the movement pictures is relatively simple and is superposed on a complex network of variably oriented fault zones. The naturally produced fault-gouge structures are compared with fault gouges produced experimentally by shearing kaolinite-quartz mixtures between intact blocks over a wide range of experimental conditions. Good correspondence between their respective microstructural features was observed. Finally, attention is drawn to the fact that natural clay-bearing fault gouges are the products of deformation accompanied by very low-grade retrogressive metamorphism, and that part of the micro-structure of these rocks may be ascribed to crystallization under stress. Microstructures are described that are from long-duration experimental runs, (5 months at high temperature and in the presence of water) which go some way towards simulating these effects.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 101 (1989), S. 69-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The island of Naxos is composed of an elliptically shaped structural and thermal dome of Miocene age. Peak metamorphic temperatures within the central migmatite complex exceeded 700° C, decreasing to about 300° C at the most distant exposures on the island. Equigranular calcite marbles which outcrop together with metapelites and metabasites over the whole island show a systematic pattern of increasing grain-size towards the central migmatite complex, with a significant discontinuity in the pattern corresponding approximately with the 500° C isotherm. The microstructures and grain-size distributions in the marbles are consistent with normal grain-growth. The variation of grain-size with peak temperature attained can be explained equally well by the assumptions that (a) a maximum grainsize had developed, particularly at higher temperatures, or that (b) the grain-size had been frozen-in by a combination of cooling and coarsening, both of which combine to reduce the rate of grain-growth. The grain-size data do not impose strong constraints on the mechanism of transport of heat responsible for the metamorphism, whether by conduction or by advection, but the 500° C discontinuity indicates that the tectonothermal history of the migmatitic core and its envelope of metasediments were different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1987-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1988-03-01
    Description: Rock deformation and metamorphism can interact at the mechanistic level in the following ways: (a) facilitation of cataclasis through the release of high-pressure fluid during dehydration and decarbonation reactions; (b) facilitation of intracrystalline plasticity through the stresses induced during solid-state volume changes; (c) enhanced deformability through the transient existence of fine-grained reaction products; (d) modification of chemical potential gradients driving diffusion if a reaction can occur along the diffusion path; (f) changes in the resistance to intracrystalline plasticity through the effect of reaction-induced changes, pore fluid pressure and chemistry on point defect chemistry of the solid phases.Examples of experimental studies of each of these types of interaction are described. Special experimental problems arise through: (i) the effects of solid phase and pore space volume changes, and their effects on pore fluid pressure and measured strain; (ii) the effects of such microstructural changes on the determination of flow law parameters; and (iii) in many instances the need for very long duration deformation experiments if reaction kinetics are sluggish.There is an outstanding need for experimental studies of the effects of non-hydrostatic stress on the conditions for the onset of metamorphic reactions and phase transformations, as a basis for understanding some classes of deformation/metamorphism interaction. However, it is emphasized that the threefold classification of rock deformation mechanisms into cataclastic, crystal-plastic, and diffusive mass transfer processes, established from the study of deformation of monomineralic rocks, forms an essential framework for the understanding of deformation/metamorphism inter-relationships.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1988-05-10
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1989-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1989-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
  • 10
    Publication Date: 1987-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0008-4077
    Electronic ISSN: 1480-3313
    Topics: Geosciences
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