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  • 1
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    Rainfall index over oceans derived from SSM/I data (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Ths Special Sensor Microwave/Imager radiometer on board the DMSP satellite measured microwave radiation at 19.35, 22.235, 37.0, and 85.5 GHz with a swath width of 1400 km, providing an opportunity to study global precipitation distributions. A monthly averaged rainfall index was derived using only the 19.35 GHz data. It covers the + or - 50 deg portion of the world with a 5 deg x 5 deg grid. The brightness temperature histogram is analyzed to derive the rainfall distribution. Estimates of the freezing level heights and the water vapor contents are utilized to understand the rainfall distribution better. Log normal and gamma distribution functions are fitted to the data and the derived monthly rainfall index compares favorably with historical precipitation patterns.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 1988 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 1988) on Remote Sensing: Moving Towards the 21st Century, Volume 1; p 251-252
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  • 2
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    Analysis of satellite data for sensor improvement (detection of severe storms from space (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A climatological study of downbursts in Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia was carried out, as well as studies of the Huntsville area microbursts on July 7, 1984, and a Decatur microburst on August 1984.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric PRocesses Research Review; 1 p
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  • 3
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    Retrieval of total precipitable water using radiometric measurements near 183.3 GHz and 90 GHz frequencies (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data collected with the Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS), which operates in the 183.3 GHz range, are compared to measurements collected at 22 GHz in order to show that the 183 GHz measurements are more sensitive to total precipitable water (W) values than the 22 GHz measurements. Radiative transfer calculations for the upwelling microwave emission from the ocean surface were performed at the AMMS frequencies with a variety of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The derived brightness temperatures at these frequencies are compared with W values derived from the humidity profiles. It is observed that the sensitivity between the brightness temperatures and W values at the AMMS channel is greater than 130 K/g per sq cm and 12 K/g per sq cm for the 22 GHz frequency.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 4
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    Water vapor profiling using microwave radiometry (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Water vapor is one of the most important constituents in the Earth's atmosphere. Its spatial and temporal variations affect a wide spectrum of meteorological phenomena ranging from the formation of clouds to the development of severe storms. The passive microwave technique offers an excellent means for water vapor measurements. It can provide both day and night coverage under most cloud conditions. Two water vapor absorption features, at 22 and 183 GHz, were explored in the past years. The line strengths of these features differ by nearly two orders of magnitude. As a consequence, the techniques and the final products of water vapor measurements are also quite different. The research effort in the past few years was to improve and extend the retrieval algorithm to the measurements of water vapor profiles under cloudy conditions. In addition, the retrieval of total precipitable water using 183 GHz measurements, but in a manner analogous to the use of 22 GHz measurements, to increase measurement sensitivity for atmospheres of very low moisture content was also explored.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Laboratory for Oceans; p 165-167
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  • 5
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    Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: It has long been noted that anomalies in the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropics are strongly correlated with climate in the temperate latitudes on a seasonal time scale. The ability to measure the global SST and the atmospheric pressure/temperature patterns has made great progress. However, rainfall measurement, the putative connection between the two, is poorly accomplished. The Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) was conceived to fill this gap. The TRMM spacecraft would fly in a low inclination, (about 35 deg), orbit which would concentrate the sampling in the very important tropical latitudes. The precession of such an orbit would enable observations at all times of the day over the span of a month which would permit corrections for the diurnal cycle of precipitation which is quite marked in parts of the tropics. The payload of the TRMM spacecraft is carefully designed to provide accurate measurements of rain. It consists of microwave radiometers, a microwave radar and visible/infrared radiometer. The two types of microwave instruments provide direct measurements of the hydrometeors, each having strengths which compensate for weaknesses of the other. The VIS/IR instrument provides a connection to the long time series of VIS/IR measurements from polar and Geosynchronous spacecraft which are currently the best available source of global rainfall estimates. The TRMM is currently in a phase A (feasibility) study.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Laboratory for Oceans; p 37-40
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  • 6
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    The real-time use of wind profilers in nowcasting (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services (PROFS) has been using wind profile data in experimental forecast applications for over two years, mostly in the form of real-time color displays on the PROFS forecast workstation. The most ambitious test of the workstation to date, the 1985 PROFS Real-Time Experiment (RT-85), ran from 15 May to 23 August, 1985. The use of wind profiler products during this and previous experiments is described. Data from the experimental profiler network in Colorado and from the profiler in Oklahoma are in the form of hourly averages. Arriving data frequently contain errors whose origins range from interference by aircraft in the beams to highway truck traffic. Most of the irregularities are apparent through visual inspection of profiler wind observations plotted on a time-height cross section, but this method of quality control is inadequate if the intended uses of the data involve numerical calculations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 7 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Retrieval of total precipitable water using radiometric measurements near 92 and 183 GHz (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes a method for the retrieval of total precipitable water (W) in dry atmospheres, which relies on the strong water vapor absorption line at 183 GHz (for W less than 0.6 g/sq cm) and on the absorption near 90 GHz (for W above 0.6 g/sq cm). The method is very sensitive to the variations of W less than 0.5 g/sq cm and is complementary to the established methods that use the weak 22 GHz water vapor absorption line to retrieve W in the 1-6 g/sq cm. The technique was demonstrated by the analysis of two Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder observations of dry atmospheres following cold-air outbreaks on March 13, 1983, and February 23, 1986.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 28; 146-154
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  • 8
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    Numerical simulations of a transverse indirect circulation and low-level jet in the exit region of an upper-level jet (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical study was performed of a severe weather event (tornado) which occurred on May 10, 1973 in the Ohio region. The situation was modeled with a primitive equation mesoscale dynamic formulation. Account was taken of precipitation, the planetary boundary layer parameters as bulk quantities, the vertical pressure gradient, and lateral boundary conditions based on radiosonde data. Two 12-hr simulations, adiabatic and nondivergent, respectively, were analyzed for relationships between upper and lower level jets. In the adiabatic formulation, a transverse circulation with a low level jet formed at the exit region of the upper level jet. The nondivergent situation led to similar, but weaker, phenomena. Both forms suggest that indirect circulation in the exit zone of an upper level jet is strongly influenced by the initial structure of the jet.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 1306-132
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  • 9
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    The error associated with use of various forms of the divergence equation to diagnose geopotential and temperature (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental study was made of errors arising from diagnosing the geopotential and temperature for numerical weather prediction models by means of an inviscid divergence equation (DE). The experiment consisted of a simulation of a snow storm which occurred in 1979, with observational data being input for every point of the model grid and for the geopotential boundary condition, thereby eliminating errors in the horizontal and vertical analysis. The DE terms were recorded at each grid point, and were found to include synoptic-scale geopotential height errors up to 23 m and rms temperature errors exceeding 26 C in the PBL. The errors were minimal above 800 mb. The various unsuccessful attempts to reduce or eliminate the errors are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 10
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    Dynamic and static initialization of a mesoscale model using VAS satellite data (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Various mesoscale weather forecast model initialization procedures were tested in seven simulation forecasts for a 12 hr period in July 1981. Attention was given to the impacts of using as input radiosonde data, VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data and a combination of VAS and data from a smoothed global analysis. The data were assimilated with successive correction objective analysis procedures. The model had a 60 km horizontal grid-length resolution, 14 layers in the vertical, and accounted for short- and long-wave energy in the surface energy budget but not in the atmosphere. Conventional data were used for the mass and moisture fields. The trials showed that VAS data enhanced the predictions of the temperature and mass variables, while winds were least accurately predicted when VAS data were entered in the initializations. Finally, statically initialized precipitation forecasts from radiosonde and/or VAS data exhibited equal skill.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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