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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (3)
  • Laplace series
  • 1985-1989  (3)
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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (3)
  • Laplace series
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite (presently in its third year of planning), is described. The TRMM satellite, planned for an operational duration of at least three years beginning in the mid-1990s, is intended to obtain high-quality measurements of tropical precipitation by means of information derived from a quantitative spaceborne radar, a multichannel passive microwave radiometer, and an AVHRR. The satellite's orbit will be low-altitude (320 km), for high resolution, and low-inclination (30 to 35 deg), for making it possible to visit each sampling area twice a day. Radar and passive microwave algorithms and rain-retrieval algorithms to be used in precipitation measurements are discussed together with cloud dynamical models designed to test these algorithms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 69; 278-295
    Format: text
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The GATE rainfall data set is used in a statistical study to estimate the sampling errors that might be expected for the type of snapshot sampling that a low earth-orbiting satellite makes. For averages over the entire 400-km square and for the duration of several weeks, strong evidence is found that sampling errors less than 10 percent can be expected in contributions from each of four rain rate categories which individually account for about one quarter of the total rain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9567-957
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In a parameter study of satellite orbits, sampling errors of area-time averaged rain rate due to temporal sampling by satellites were estimated. The sampling characteristics were studied by accounting for the varying visiting intervals and varying fractions of averaging area on each visit as a function of the latitude of the grid box for a range of satellite orbital parameters. The sampling errors were estimated by a simple model based on the first-order Markov process of the time series of area averaged rain rates. For a satellite of nominal Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (Thiele, 1987) carrying an ideal scanning microwave radiometer for precipitation measurements, it is found that sampling error would be about 8 to 12 pct of estimated monthly mean rates over a grid box of 5 X 5 degrees. It is suggested that an observation system based on a low inclination satellite combined with a sunsynchronous satellite simultaneously might be the best candidate for making precipitation measurements from space.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 27; 1218-123
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