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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (6)
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (2)
  • INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY  (1)
  • 1985-1989  (9)
Collection
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Mechanical modulation for multiplex gas chromatographic analyses at subatmospheric pressures (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Journal of high resolution chromatography : HRC (ISSN 0935-6304); Volume 12; 53-5
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    The case for planetary sample return missions. 2. History of Mars (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Principal science goals for exploration of Mars are to establish the chemical, isotopic, and physical state of Martian material, the nature of major surface-forming processes and their time scales, and the past and present biological potential of the planet. Many of those goals can only be met by detailed analyses of atmospheric gases and carefully selected samples of fresh rocks, weathered rocks, soils, sediments, and ices. The high-fidelity mineral separations, complex chemical treatments, and ultrasensitive instrument systems required for key measurements, as well as the need to adapt analytical strategies to unanticipated results, point to Earth-based laboratory analyses on returned Martian samples as the best means for meeting the stated objectives.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Eos (ISSN 0096-3941); Volume 70; 31; 745, 54-5
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  • 3
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    Experimental basis for a Titan probe organic analysis (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The recent Voyager flyby of Titan produced evidence for at least nine organic compounds in that atmosphere that are heavier than methane. Several models of Titan's atmosphere, as well as laboratory simulations, suggest the presence of organics considerably more complex that those observed. To ensure that the in situ measurements are definitive with respect to Titan's atmosphere, experiment concepts, and the related instrumentation, must be carefully developed specifically for such a mission. To this end, the possible composition of the environment to be analyzed must be bracketed and model samples must be provided for instrumentation development studies. Laboratory studies to define the optimum flight experiment and sampling strategy for a Titan entry probe are currently being conducted. Titan mixtures are being subjected to a variety of energy sources including high voltage electron from a DC discharge, high current electric shock, and laser detonation. Gaseous and solid products are produced which are then analyzed. Samples from these experiements are also provided to candidate flight experiments as models for instrument development studies. Preliminary results show that existing theoretical models for chemistry in Titan's atmosphere cannot adequetely explain the presence and abundance of all trace gases observed in these experiments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Second Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the Origin and Evolution of Life; p 52
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  • 4
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    Optical efficiencies of lightning in planetary atmospheres (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first simulations of lightning in planetary atmospheres by laser-induced plasmas are reported. These simulations show that the fraction of the energy in lightning discharge channels that is radiated in the visible spectrum is similar for earth, Venus, and Titan, but quite different for Jupiter. One implication of these results is that the amount of trace gases produced by lightning in the Jovian atmosphere must be larger than previously estimated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 328; 509
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  • 5
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    Lightning production of hydrocarbons and HCN on Titan - Laboratory measurements (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental measurements have been obtained for the chemical yields of hydrogen cyanide, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, and propane from simulated lightning discharges, in order to ascertain whether lightning in the troposphere of Titan may be contributing to the hydrocarbon inventory. A comparison of these results with those obtained on the basis of thermodynamic equilibrium considerations shows substantial discrepancies and implies that thermodynamic equilibrium theories are inadequate. The production of ethylene by lightning and its subsequent stratospheric diffusion nevertheless appears to be one reasonable mechanism.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 76; 125-134
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  • 6
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    Thickness of ice on perennially frozen lakes (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple energy-balance model for the perenially frozen lakes of Antarctica's southern Victoria Land is presented which, using the measured ablation rate of 30 cm/yr, can explain the observed ice thickness. Some speculations are presented on the ice cover that could have existed on possible former lakes in the equatorial regions of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 313; 561
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  • 7
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    Spectra of simulated lightning on Venus, Jupiter, and Titan (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Laser-induced plasmas in various gas mixtures were used to simulate lightning in other planetary atmospheres. This method of simulation has the advantage of producing short-duration, high-temperature plasmas free from electrode contamination. The laser-induced plasma discharges in air are shown to accurately simulate terrestrial lightning and can be expected to simulate lightning spectra in other planetary atmospheres. Spectra from 240 to 880 nm are presented for simulated lightning in the atmospheres of Venus, earth, Jupiter, and Titan. The spectra of lightning on the other giant planets are expected to be similar to that of Jupiter because the atmospheres of these planets are composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. The spectra of Venus and Titan show substantial amounts of radiation due to the presence of carbon atoms and ions and show CN Violet radiation. Although small amounts of CH4 and NH3 are present in the Jovian atmosphere, only emission from hydrogen and helium is observed. Most differences in the spectra can be understood in terms of the elemental ratios of the gas mixtures. Consequently, observations of the spectra of lightning on other planets should provide in situ estimates of the atmospheric and aerosol composition in the cloud layers in which lightning is occurring. In particular, the detection of inert gases such as helium should be possible and the relative abundance of these gases compared to major constituents might be determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 64; 221-232
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  • 8
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    Radiocarbon dating of open systems with bomb effect (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The application of radiocarbon dating is extended to include systems that are slowly exchanging carbon with the atmosphere. Simple formulae are derived that relate the true age and the exchange rate of carbon to the apparent radiocarbon age. A radiocarbon age determination does not give a unique true age and exchange rate but determines a locus of values bounded by a minimum age and a minimum exchange rate. It is found that for radiocarbon ages as large as 10,000 years it is necessary to correct for the anthropogenic radiocarbon produced in the atmosphere by nuclear weapons testing. A one-term exponential approximation, with an e-folding time of 14.43 years, is used to model this effect and is shown to be accurate to within 3 percent for exchange time constants of 100 years and greater. The approach developed here is not specific to radiocarbon and can be applied to other radioisotopes in open systems.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 3836-384
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  • 9
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    Comment (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Frank et al.'s (1986) suggestion that the earth is impacted by small (100-Mg) comets at the rate of 20/min is reconsidered in the light of recent comet models. The possibility of such a swarm of comets is found to be problematical because of the large number of comets required and because thermal stability arguments, while not excluding such a possibility, imply that it is implausible. In a reply, Frank et al. reaffirm their findings that such small comets, following direct elliptical orbits about the sun, are distributed in a disk centered on the sun and lying near the ecliptic plane at heliocentric radial distances 1-10,000 AU. The presence of these comets in the inner solar system is attributed to the gravitational action of the outer planets, passing stars, or interstellar clouds on comets is more distant orbits.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 976-978;
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