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  • 1
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    Inflight application of three pilot workload measurement techniques (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Three inflight techniques for workload measurement were tested in nine pilots flying the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory: subjective ratings, heart rate, and communication performance. The activities that contributed to the crew-member workload varied; the commander was responsible for aircraft control and navigation whereas the copilot handled communications. The three workload measures were found to provide different information. Pilot ratings of workload, effort, and stress were sensitive to variations in flight-related task demands across flight segments but did not reflect specific differences in the type of demands imposed on the commander and the copilot. The heart rate was sensitive to the differential impact of duties, being higher for the commander than for the copilot. The rate of communications per minute of flight proved to be the most sensitive indicator. It was related to workload, stress, effort rating, and average heart rate across flight segments.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 58; 402-410
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  • 2
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    The relationship between workload and training - An introduction (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper reviews the relationships among workload, performance, and training. Its goal is to introduce the concepts of workload and training and to suggest how they may be related. It suggests some of the practical and theoretical benefits to be derived from their joint consideration. Training effectiveness can be improved by monitoring trainee workload and the reliability of workload predictions, and measures can be improved by identifying and controlling the training levels of experimental subjects.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
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  • 3
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    Predicting operator workload during system design (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A workload prediction methodology was developed in response to the need to measure workloads associated with operation of advanced aircraft. The application of the methodology will involve: (1) conducting mission/task analyses of critical mission segments and assigning estimates of workload for the sensory, cognitive, and psychomotor workload components of each task identified; (2) developing computer-based workload prediction models using the task analysis data; and (3) exercising the computer models to produce predictions of crew workload under varying automation and/or crew configurations. Critical issues include reliability and validity of workload predictors and selection of appropriate criterion measures.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Mental-State Estimation, 1987; p 81-96
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  • 4
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    Workshop on Workload and Training, and Examination of their Interactions: Executive summary (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The goal of the workshop was to bring together experts in the fields of workload and training and representatives from the Dept. of Defense and industrial organizations who are reponsible for specifying, building, and managing advanced, complex systems. The challenging environments and requirements imposed by military helicopter missions and space station operations were presented as the focus for the panel discussions. The workshop permitted a detailed examination of the theoretical foundations of the fields of training and workload, as well as their practical applications. Furthermore, it created a forum where government, industry, and academic experts were able to examine each other's concepts, values, and goals. The discussions pointed out the necessity for a more efficient and effective flow of information among the groups respresented. The executive summary describes the rationale of the meeting, summarizes the primary points of discussion, and lists the participants and some of their summary comments.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-89459 , A-87212 , NAS 1.15:89459
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  • 5
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    Research papers and publications (1981-1987): Workload research program (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An annotated bibliography of the research reports written by participants in NASA's Workload Research Program since 1981 is presented, representing the results of theoretical and applied research conducted at Ames Research Center and at universities and industrial laboratories funded by the program. The major program elements included: 1) developing an understanding of the workload concept; 2) providing valid, reliable, and practical measures of workload; and 3) creating a computer model to predict workload. The goal is to provide workload-related design principles, measures, guidelines, and computational models. The research results are transferred to user groups by establishing close ties with manufacturers, civil and military operators of aerospace systems, and regulatory agencies; publishing scientific articles; participating in and sponsoring workshops and symposia; providing information, guidelines, and computer models; and contributing to the formulation of standards. In addition, the methods and theories developed have been applied to specific operational and design problems at the request of a number of industry and government agencies.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-100016 , A-87196 , NAS 1.15:100016
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  • 6
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    Evaluating the subjective workload of directional orientation tasks with varying display formats (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The impact of various flight-related tasks on the workload imposed by the requirement to compute new headings, course changes, and reciprocal headings is investigated experimentally. It is shown that, in terms of speed and accuracy, pilots are more efficient when alphanumeric display formats are provided. It is suggested that a voice command of 'turn to a specific heading' would provide the optimal method for issuing heading changes when used in conjunction with an alphanumeric display format.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: SAE PAPER 861640 , Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology Conference; Oct 13, 1986 - Oct 16, 1986; Long Beach, CA; United States
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  • 7
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    Measuring moment-to-moment pilot workload using synchronous presentations of secondary tasks in a motion-base trainer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A simulation was conducted to determine whether the sensitivity of secondary task measures of pilot workload could be improved by synchronizing their presentation to the occurrence of specific events or pilot actions. This synchronous method of presentation was compared to the more typical asynchronous method, where secondary task presentations are independent of pilot's flight-related activities. Twelve pilots flew low- and high-difficulty scenarios in a motion-base trainer with and without concurrent secondary tasks (e.g., choice reaction time and time production). The difficulty of each scenario was manipulated by the addition of 21 flight-related tasks superimposed on a standard approach and landing sequence. The insertion of the secondary tasks did not affect primary flight performance. However, secondary task performance did reflect workload differences between scenarios and among flight segments within scenarios, replicating the results of an earlier study in which the secondary tasks were presented asynchronously (Bortolussi et al., 1986).
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; Apr 27, 1987 - Apr 30, 1987; Columbus, OH; United States
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  • 8
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    Inflight evaluation of pilot workload measures for rotorcraft research (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effectiveness of heart-rate monitoring and the NASA TLX workload rating scale (Hart et al., 1985) in measuring helicopter-pilot workloads is investigated experimentally. Four NASA test pilots flew two 2-h missions each in an SH-3G helicopter, following scenarios with takeoff, hover, cross-country, and landing tasks; pilot performance on the tasks undertaken near the landing area was measured by laser tracking. The results are presented in graphs and discussed in detail, and it is found that the TLX ratings clearly distinguish the flight segments and are well correlated with the performance data. The mean heart rate (measured as interbeat interval) is correlated (r = -0.69) with the TLX workload, but only the standard deviation of the interbeat interval is able to distinguish between flight segments; the correlation between standard deviation and TLX ratings is negative but not significant.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; Apr 27, 1987 - Apr 30, 1987; Columbus, OH; United States
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  • 9
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    'But Captain, I've been doing this a lot longer than you have' - The effects of 'role-reversal' on crew interaction (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Legislation providing for airline deregulation has, among other things, created some ambiguity with respect to cockpit role structures. With the demise of some airlines, the absorption of others, the merging of seniority lists, and a new shortage of pilots, individuals with experience equivalent to or greater than that of the pilot in command may be placed in roles of lesser status. A formerly senior captain may be flying in the right seat as a first officer with an individual very much 'junior' in terms of both age and experience. Moreover, the mandatory retirement of airline pilots at age 60 does not apply to flight engineers, and some are 'down-grading' to fly in that capacity. The effects of this 'role-reversal' phenomenon on the crew coordination process have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to begin investigating this phenomenon using data obtained from a previous 'short-haul' full mission study conducted by Foushee, Lauber, Baetge, and Acomb (1986).
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; Apr 27, 1987 - Apr 30, 1987; Columbus, OH; United States
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  • 10
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    Communications indices of crew coordination (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Verbal exchanges occuring during task execution during full mission two-person simulator flights are used to study the effect of the interactive communication process on crew coordination and performance. The ratio of initiator to response speech is calculated and speech variations are recorded. The results of this study are compared with the findings of Ginnett's (1986) study of leaders. It is shown that low-error crews adopt a standard form of communicating, allowing for the ability to predict one another's behavior, facilitating the coordination process. The higher performance of crews that have flown together before is believed to be due to the increased amount of time for establishing a conventional means of communication.
    Keywords: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    Type: International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; Apr 27, 1987 - Apr 30, 1987; Columbus, OH; United States
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