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  • Chemical Engineering  (5)
  • Rat  (3)
  • Aftershocks
  • 1985-1989  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The three-dimensional structure of motor endplates in different fiber types of rat intercostal muscle (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 465-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Striated muscle ; Muscle fiber type ; Schwann cells ; Motor endplate ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional organization of the motor end plates in the red, white and intermediate striated muscle fibers of the rat intercostal muscle was observed under a field-emission type scanning electron microscope after removal of connective tissue components by HCl hydrolysis. The motor endplate of the white fiber had terminal branches (or axon terminals), which were large, long and thin, and small but numerous nerve swellings (or terminal boutons). The motor endplate of the red fiber had terminal branches, which were small, short and thick, and had large but fewer nerve swellings. The motor endplate of the intermediate fiber was intermediate in size and structure between these two. In detached nerve-ending preparations, primary synaptic grooves with slit-like openings of the junctional folds appeared on the surface of the muscle fibers. The primary synaptic grooves were more developed in the white fiber than in the red fiber, and they were intermediate in the intermediate fiber. The numerical ratio of slit-like openings was 1∶1.8∶3.5 in the red, intermediate and white fiber, respectively. The Schwann cells and their processes were observed on the surface of the motor endplate, with the processes covering the upper orifices of the primary synaptic grooves and sealing the terminal branches. The number of Schwann cells was usually three in the white fiber, two in the intermediate fiber and one in the red fiber.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214564
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron-microscopic studies on the three-dimensional structure of mitochondria in the mammalian red, white and intermediate muscle fibers (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle fibers ; Muscle fiber types ; Mitochondria ; Three-dimensional structure ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional structure and arrangement of mitochondria in the red, white and intermediate striated muscle fibers of the rat were examined under a field-emission type scanning electron microscope after removal of cytoplasmic matrices by means of the Osmium-DMSO-Osmium procedure. Beneath the sarcolemma, spherical or ovoid subsarcolemmal mitochondria show accumulations. The mitochondria are numerous and large in size in the red fibers, intermediate in the intermediate fibers, and few and small in the white fibers. Paired, slender I-band-limited mitochondria were located on both sides of the Z-line and partly embraced the myofibrils at the I-band level; they occurred in all three types of fibers. In the intermyofibrillar spaces, numerous mitochondria formed mitochondrial columns. These columns were classified into two types: 1) thick mitochondrial columns, formed by multiple mitochondria each with an intermyofibrillar space corresponding to one sarcomere in length, and 2) thin mitochondrial columns, established by single mitochondria corresponding to one sarcomere in length. In the red fibers mitochondrial columns were abundant and the ratio of the thick and thin columns was almost the same, while in the intermediate fibers most of the columns belonged to the thin type. The white fibers displayed rare, very thin columns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217168
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron-microscopic studies on the three-dimensional structure of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the mammalian red, white and intermediate muscle fibers (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 461-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle cells ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Three-dimensional structure ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the red, white and intermediate striated muscle fibers of the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat was examined under a field-emission type scanning electron microscope after removal of cytoplasmic matrices by the osmium-DMSO-osmium procedure. In all three types of fibers, the terminal cisternae and transverse tubules form triads at the level of the A-I junction. Numerous slender sarcotubules, originating from the A-band side terminal cisternae, extend obliquely or longitudinally and form oval or irregular shaped networks of various sizes in front of the A-band, then become continuous with the tiny mesh (fenestrated collar) in front of the H-band. The A-and H-band SR appears as a single sheet of anastomotic tubules. Numerous sarcotubules, originating from the I-band side terminal cisternae, extend in threedimensional directions and form a multilayered network over the I-band and Z-line regions. At the I-band level, paired transversely oriented mitochondria partly embrace the myofibril. The I-band SR network is poorly developed in the narrow space between the paired mitochondria, but is well developed in places devoid of these mitochondria. The three-dimensional structure of the SR is basically the same in all three muscle fiber-types. However, the SR is sparse on the surface of mitochondria, so the mitochondria-rich red fiber has a much smaller total volume of SR than the mitochondria-poor white fiber. Moreover, the volume of SR of the intermediate fiber is intermediate between the two.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225410
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of improved bubble disruption and dispersion technique by an applied electric field method (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 62-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the aid of nonuniform DC electric fields, an improved bubble disruption and dispersion technique has been developed for dielectric fluid bubble column reactors. The basic mechanisms which lead to bubble disruption and dispersion in the system have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The influence of operating variables, liquid properties and electrode geometry on the present applied electric field method has been conducted. The efficiency of power consumption by using the present technique has also been revealed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310106
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as electron beam resists. VI: Electron sensitivity of various acetalized poly(vinyl alcohol)s (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetalized poly(vinyl alcohol)s which were synthesized from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and aldehyde or ketone were evaluated as electron beam (EB) resists, in order to investigate the relationship between EB sensitivity and chemical structures of the polymers. It was found that the acetalized PVAs were easily crosslinked by EB exposure. The main mechanism of crosslinking may be radical reaction at acetal group. The sensitivity of the acetalized PVA depended on the structure of the acetal group. Acetalized PVAs synthesized from benzaldehyde, in which the electron attracting group was substituted on the benzene ring and from linear aliphatic aldehyde having a long alkyl chain, had high sensitivity. A high sensitivity of 7.2 × 10-7 C/cm2 was attained when the acetalized PVA synthesized from p-chloro-benzaldehyde was used. Acetalized PVAs synthesized from PVA and aldehyde having a cyclic structure had an excellent dry etching durability and were suitable as negative EB resists.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290602
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A polymer complex as a new type of electron beam resist for dry development (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 912-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer complex of poly (4-vinylpyrldine) and malonic acid was investigated as a new type of electron beam (EB) resist for dry development, as malonic acid was decomposed by EB irradiation. It was found that the polymer complex could be developed with O2 plasma etching and that the positive resist patterns with high resolution could be obtained. The mechanism for this lithography process was studied by means of IR and ESCA spectra.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281406
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as EB resists: Poly(lactam thioether) as new positive EB resists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(lactam thioether) was synthesized from tetrahydro-1,4-thiazepine-5(4H)-one by a ring opening reaction under various conditions and was evaluated as positive electron beam(EB) resist. It was found that poly(lactam thioether) was easily decomposed by EB irradiation. The decomposition by EB exposure may be attributed to cleavage of C—S bonds in the polymer chains. The sensitivity of poly(lactam thioether) was influenced by prebake temperature, molecular weight, and developer, a high sensitivity of 5.3 × 10-6 coulomb/cm2 was observed with a good resolution of less than 1 μm. Poly(lactam thioether) showed a high sensitivity and a high resolution, and is suitable as a positive EB resist.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261002
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as electron beam (EB) resists. V: Polyamides containing sulfur groups as positive eb resists (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyamidethioethers were synthesized and evaluated as positive electron beam (EB) resists, The polyamidethioethers decomposed easily with EB exposure. At high doses (indicating low sensitivity), crosslinking reactions occurred for polyamidethioethers having C-S bonds produced by Michael addition, but the other polyamidethioethers did not crosslink. The C-S bonds produced by Michael addition may influence crosslinking rather than decomposition. The sensitivity of oxidized polyamidethioether was higher than that of the nonoxidized polymer with no change in resolution. The oxidized polyamidethioether had a high sensitivity and a high resolution, and is adaptable as a positive EB resist.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280106
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