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  • Chemical Engineering  (5)
  • Ca2+ channel  (1)
  • Aftershocks
  • 1985-1989  (6)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth hormone-releasing factor reduces voltage-gated Ca2+ channel current in Rat GH3 cells (1985)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 87 (1985), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: GH3 cells ; GRF ; action potential ; Ca2+ channel ; Ca2+ ; induced K+ channel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The action of GRF on GH3 cell membrane was examined by patch electrode techniques. Under current clamp with patch elecrtrode, spontaneous action potentials were partially to totally eliminated by application of GRF. In the case of partial elimination, the duration of remaining spontaneous action potentials was prolonged and the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization was decreased. The evoked actiion potential in the cells which did not show spontaneous action potentials was also eliminated by GRF. In order to examine what channels were affected by GRF, voltage-clamp analysis was performed. It was revealed that voltage-gated Ca2+ channel current and Ca2+-induced K+ channels current were decreased by GRF, while voltage-gated Na+ channel and delayed K+ channel current was considered to be a consequence of he decrease of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels current. Therefore it is likely that the effect of GRF on GH3 cells was due to the block of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The elimination of action potential under current clamp corresponded to the block of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and the prolongation of action potential could be explained by the decrease of Ca2+-induced K+ channel current. The amplitude decrease of afterhyperpolarization could also be explained by the reduction of Ca2+-induced K+ channel current. Thus the results under current clamp well coincide with the results under voltage clamp. Hormone secretion from GH3 cells was not stimulated by GRF. However, the finding that GRF solely blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channel suggested the specific action of GRF on GH3 cell membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871224
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of improved bubble disruption and dispersion technique by an applied electric field method (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 62-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the aid of nonuniform DC electric fields, an improved bubble disruption and dispersion technique has been developed for dielectric fluid bubble column reactors. The basic mechanisms which lead to bubble disruption and dispersion in the system have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The influence of operating variables, liquid properties and electrode geometry on the present applied electric field method has been conducted. The efficiency of power consumption by using the present technique has also been revealed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as electron beam resists. VI: Electron sensitivity of various acetalized poly(vinyl alcohol)s (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetalized poly(vinyl alcohol)s which were synthesized from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and aldehyde or ketone were evaluated as electron beam (EB) resists, in order to investigate the relationship between EB sensitivity and chemical structures of the polymers. It was found that the acetalized PVAs were easily crosslinked by EB exposure. The main mechanism of crosslinking may be radical reaction at acetal group. The sensitivity of the acetalized PVA depended on the structure of the acetal group. Acetalized PVAs synthesized from benzaldehyde, in which the electron attracting group was substituted on the benzene ring and from linear aliphatic aldehyde having a long alkyl chain, had high sensitivity. A high sensitivity of 7.2 × 10-7 C/cm2 was attained when the acetalized PVA synthesized from p-chloro-benzaldehyde was used. Acetalized PVAs synthesized from PVA and aldehyde having a cyclic structure had an excellent dry etching durability and were suitable as negative EB resists.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290602
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A polymer complex as a new type of electron beam resist for dry development (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 912-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer complex of poly (4-vinylpyrldine) and malonic acid was investigated as a new type of electron beam (EB) resist for dry development, as malonic acid was decomposed by EB irradiation. It was found that the polymer complex could be developed with O2 plasma etching and that the positive resist patterns with high resolution could be obtained. The mechanism for this lithography process was studied by means of IR and ESCA spectra.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281406
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as EB resists: Poly(lactam thioether) as new positive EB resists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(lactam thioether) was synthesized from tetrahydro-1,4-thiazepine-5(4H)-one by a ring opening reaction under various conditions and was evaluated as positive electron beam(EB) resist. It was found that poly(lactam thioether) was easily decomposed by EB irradiation. The decomposition by EB exposure may be attributed to cleavage of C—S bonds in the polymer chains. The sensitivity of poly(lactam thioether) was influenced by prebake temperature, molecular weight, and developer, a high sensitivity of 5.3 × 10-6 coulomb/cm2 was observed with a good resolution of less than 1 μm. Poly(lactam thioether) showed a high sensitivity and a high resolution, and is suitable as a positive EB resist.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261002
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as electron beam (EB) resists. V: Polyamides containing sulfur groups as positive eb resists (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyamidethioethers were synthesized and evaluated as positive electron beam (EB) resists, The polyamidethioethers decomposed easily with EB exposure. At high doses (indicating low sensitivity), crosslinking reactions occurred for polyamidethioethers having C-S bonds produced by Michael addition, but the other polyamidethioethers did not crosslink. The C-S bonds produced by Michael addition may influence crosslinking rather than decomposition. The sensitivity of oxidized polyamidethioether was higher than that of the nonoxidized polymer with no change in resolution. The oxidized polyamidethioether had a high sensitivity and a high resolution, and is adaptable as a positive EB resist.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280106
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