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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 38 (1987), S. 719-724 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion and cathodic protection of unalloyed steel in sand soilCathodic protection takes place if the potential criterion is satisfied. That means that the pipe-to-soil potential is less than the protection potential. This is to be controlled in the case of pipelines which are required to be inspected regularly by law. Protection potentials are described in technical standards (e.g. DIN 30676), and must be determined experimentally in doubtful cases. In general the protection potential is referred to as UCu/CuSO4 = -0.85 V for soils.In practical applications of this protection potential difficulties arise in the case of sand soils with a minute amount of salt and a high resistivity resulting from a very low humidity. These difficulties are related to a high protection current demand due to good aeration and a poor current distribution due to the high resistivity. On the other hand, sand soils are known to be less corrosive. Thus, one can think of using special protection potentials for sand soils which are more positive than -0.85 V. The results of laboratory and field tests show that protection potentials in the range of -0.75 V to -0.65 V can be applied depending on soil resistivity. In these cases even micro cell action can be prevented.
    Notes: Ein kathodischer Korrosionsschutz liegt dann vor, wenn das Schutzpotentialkriterium erfüllt ist. Dabei muß das Rohr/Boden-Potential negativer als das Schutzpotential sein. Bei überwachungsbedürftigen Anlagen ist dies regelmäßig nachzuweisen. Schutzpotentiale werden in Regelwerken angegeben (z.B. DIN 30676) und können in Zweifelsfällen experimentell ermittelt werden. Für Erdböden gilt im allgemeinen das Schutzpotential von UCu/CuSO4 = - 0,85 V. Im Falle hochohmiger, salzhaltiger Sandböden mit geringer Feuchtigkeit treten jedoch bei Annahme dieses Schutzpotentials Schwierigkeiten auf, die darauf zurückzuführen sind, daß wegen des hohen Widerstandes und der guten Belüftung die Stromverteilung bei hohem Schutzstrombedarf beeinträchtigt ist. Da andererseits hochohmige Sandböden aber als wenig korrosiv angesehen werden, war zu prüfen, ob für solche Böden positivere Schutzpotentiale als -0,85 V ausreichen. Durch Laboratoriums- und Feldversuche konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß für verschiedene Widerstandsgruppen um 0,1 bis 0,2 V positivere Schutzpotentiale angenommen werden dürfen. Unter solchen Bedingungen kann auch eine Lochfraßgefährdung durch Mikroelemente vermieden werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 38 (1987), S. 696-703 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Factors influencing the activity of reinforcing steel as cathode on the soil corrosion of steelFactors influencing the corrosion cell established between steel/soil (anode) and reinforcing steel in concrete (cathode) were investigated in field tests extending up to 3 years. In all cases, the differences between the corrosion rates measured in the cell and under free corrosion conditions were higher than the equivalent cell current. This effect means an increase of the cathodic partial reaction by cell action (negative difference effect), and is related to better protecting layers in the case of free corrosion.As to the cathodes, the parameters of the concrete have nearly no effect. But galvanizing of the reinforcing steel has a strong influence on the cell action. Since the cell resistance is mainly controlled by the electrolyte resistance (ground resistance of the anodes) the changes in the polarization resistance of the cathodes can hardly influence the cell action.A decrease of cell currents due to galvanizing the reinforced steel is no doubt present, but the effect is too poor for proper protection against cell activities. Therefore, only conventional electrochemical methods or organic coatings on the reinforcing steel can be applied as protective measures.
    Notes: In dreijährigen Feldversuchen wurden die Einflußgrößen des Elementes Stahl/Erdboden (Anode) und Bewehrungsstahl/Beton (Kathode) untersucht. In allen Fällen war die Erhöhung der Korrosionsrate im Vergleich zur freien Korrosion größer als der gemessene Elementstrom. Dieser Effekt der Zunahme der Eigenkorrosion durch Elementwirkung (negativer Differenzeffekt) wird auf eine verminderte Hemmung der kathodischen Teilreaktionen durch Deckschichten aus Korrosionsprodukten im Vergleich zu der bei freier Korrosion gedeutet.Bei den Kathoden haben betonseitige Parameter nahezu keinen, eine Verzinkung des Bewehrungsstahls aber einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf die Elementwirkung. Da der Elementwiderstand uberwiegend durch den Mediumwiderstand (Ausbreitungswiderstand der Anode) bestimmt wird, können Änderungen des Polarisationswiderstandes der Kathoden kaum wirksam werden.Eine Verminderung der Elementwirkung durch Verzinken des Bewehrungsstahls ist zwar deutlich vorhanden, stellt jedoch keinen ausreichenden Schutz dar. Somit kommen nur konventionelle elektro-chemische Maßnahmen gegen die Elementwirkung oder eine Passivbeschichtung des Bewehrungsstahls als wirksame Schutzmaßnahmen infrage.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 18-22 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Problems related to the measurement of IR-drop free potentials in the presence of compensating currentsFor supervision of the cathodic protection of pipelines the potentials must be measured free from ohmic drops. In general, off-potentials are measured in this context. By this technique only the ohmic drops caused by the protection current can be eliminated, but not the ohmic drops caused by compensating or cell currents. With the help of simulated tests it can be shown that it is possible to calculate true potentials using pipe-to-soil potentials and potential gradients at the soil surface for “on” and “off” conditions. Errors associated with reference electrodes have a strong influence on the calculated values. Practical examples show that completely unreasonable values can be obtained.Possibilities leading to errors of reference electrodes are discussed. Electrodes with KCl or NH4NO3 electrolytes are to be preferred. Further possibilities of errors related to soil parameters require additional detailed investigations.
    Notes: Für die Überwachung des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes von Rohrleitungen müssen die Potentiale möglichst frei von ohmschen Spannungsabfällen gemessen werden. Hierzu wird im allgemeinen die Ausschaltmethode angewendet. Dabei lassen sich aber nur die ohmschen Spannungsabfälle des Schutzstromes, nicht die von Element- oder Ausgleichsströmen eliminieren. Mit Hilfe von Modellbetrachtungen kann gezeigt werden, daß eine Berechnung der wahren Potentiale gelingt, wenn Ein- und Ausschaltwerte von Potentialen und Potentialgradienten auf der Erdoberfläche vorliegen. Dabei gehen aber mit einem großen Faktor Elektrodenfehler der Bezugselektroden ein. Praktische Beispiele zeigen, daß völlig unvernünftige Resultate erhalten werden können.Es werden mehrere Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die als Ursachen für Elektrodenfehler infrage kommen. Demnach sind Bezugselektroden-Systeme mit KCl oder NH4NO3-Lösungen vorzuziehen. Weitere Fehlerursachen, die im wesentlichen auf bodenseitige Parameter zurückzuführen sind, bedürfen noch einer näheren Untersuchung.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Chrondule formation was an important (perhaps ubiguitous) process in the early solar system, yet their origins remain elusive. Some points, however, are clear. The precursor material of chondules (dust) was rapidly heated at rates of perhaps thousands of degrees per second and was cooled more slowly. It was proposed to investigate chondrule formation in the Space Station environment via a dust-box (a chamber in which dust can be suspended, heated, and cooled. A microgravity environment is conducive to this kind of experiment because of the significant retardation of settling rates compared with a terrestrial laboratory environment. These long-duration experiments might require the development of technologies to counteract even the small, but finite and permanent gravitation field of the Space Station. Simple, but interesting experiments on dust suspensions immediately present themselves.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Experiments in Planetary and Related Sciences and the Space Station; 2 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Broadband submillimeter observations of thermal emission from several evolved stars have been obtained using the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The observations were carried out at an effective wavelength of 400 microns in order to estimate the mass loss rates in dust from the stars. Direct estimates of mass loss rates are in the range 10 to the -9th to 10 to the -6th solar mass/yr. Analysis of the spectrum of IRC + 10216 confirmed previous estimates of dust grain emissivity in the range 10-1000 microns. The infrared properties of IRC + 10216 are found to be similar to the carbon rich object CRL 3068. No systematic difference was found between the dust masses of carbon rich and oxygen rich envelopes. The largest mass loss rates in dust were obtained for the bipolar objects OH 231.8 + 4.2 CRL 2688, CRL 618, and NGC 7027. It is suggested that the ratios of gas to dust, and the slopes of the far infrared to submillimeter wavelength continua of these stars objects are probably representative of amorphous rather than crystalline grains.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 294; 242-255
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to outline the principles governing the use of far-infrared and submillimeter polarimetry to investigate magnetic fields and dust in interstellar clouds. Particular topics of discussion are the alignment of dust grains in dense clouds, the dependence on wavelength of polarization due to emission or to partial absorption by aligned grains, the nature of that dependence for mixtures of grains with different properties, and the problem of distinguishing between (1) the effects of the shapes and dielectric functions of the grains and (2) the degree and direction of their alignment.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-8738); 29; 327-351
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The paper reports measurements of the polarization of far-infrared emission from dust in nine molecular clouds. Detections were obtained in Mon R2, in the Kleinmann-Low (KL) nebula in Orion, and in Sgr A. Upper limits were set for six other clouds. A comparison of the 100 micron polarization of KL with that previously measured at 270 microns provides new evidence that the polarization is due to emission from magnetically aligned dust grains. Comparing the results for Orion with measurements at optical wavelengths, it is inferred that the magnetic field direction in the outer parts of the Orion cloud is the same as that in the dense core. This direction is nearly perpendicular to the ridge of molecular emission and is parallel to both the molecular outflow in KL and the axis of rotation of the cloud core. In Mon R2, the field direction which the measurements imply does not agree withthat derived from 0.9-2.2 micron polarimetry. The discrepancy is attributed to scattering in the near-infrared. In Orion and Sgr A, where comparisons are possible, the measurements are in good agreement with 10 micron polarization measurements.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 345; 802-810
    Format: text
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  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This paper reviews mechanisms that have been proposed to account for alignment of dust grains in diffuse clouds and in dense clouds. The mechanisms that have proved inadequate are considered, including alignment by nonmagnetic and magnetic processes. The results thus far favor the Davis-Greenstein mechanism, in which paramagnetic relaxation of spinning grains removes components of rotation perpendicular to the magnetic field. Polarization measurements showing the alignment of grains in cool dense clouds are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Letters and Communications (ISSN 0888-6512); 26; 3-5
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The refractory inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites were the subject of considerable interest since their discovery. These inclusions contain minerals that are predicted to be some of the earliest condensates from the solar nebula, and contain a plethora of isotopic anomalies of unknown origin. Of particular interest are those coarse-grained inclusions that contain refractory metal particles (Fe, Ni, Pt, Ru, Os Ir). Experimental studies of these inclusions in terrestrial laboratories are, however, complicated because the dense particles tend to settle out of a molten or partially molten silicate material. Heating experiments in the Space Station technology and microgravity in order to observe the effects of metal nuggets (which may act as heterogeneous nucleation sites) on nucleation rates in silicate systems and to measure simultaneously the relative volatilization rate of siderophile and lithophile species. Neither experiment is possible in the terrestrial environment.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Experiments in Planetary and Related Sciences and the Space Station; 1 p
    Format: text
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