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  • GEOPHYSICS  (8)
  • Chaotic behaviour  (2)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (1)
  • Proceedings of a conference  (1)
  • 1985-1989  (11)
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  • 1
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    Are earthquakes deterministic or chaotic ? (1989)
    In:  Eos, Trans., Am. Geophys. Un., Basel, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 70, no. 41, pp. 880-882, pp. 1517, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Chaotic behaviour ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; FractureT ; Non-linear effects ; Proceedings of a conference ; report
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Fractals in geology and geophysics (1989)
    In:  Pageoph, Taipei, EGS, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 171-196, pp. 8039, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: FractureT ; Chaotic behaviour
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Coupled evolution of the atmospheres and interiors of planets and satellites (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The evolution of a planetary atmosphere can be powerfully influenced by the planetary interior's function as both a source and a sink of atmospheric constituents; the interior can in turn be strongly influenced by the atmosphere because the mechanism of interior heat loss depends on a volatile content for which the atmosphere can serve both as sink and source. The dependence of mantle rheology on volatile content could furnish a feedback mechanism tending to keep regassing/degassing in balance, thereby maintaining a relatively constant atmospheric mass. Consideration of the abundances of radiogenic and nonradiogenic noble gases in the earth's atmosphere, and of the fluxes of these gases from the mantle, support a large degassing event early on, followed by a decrease in degassing efficiency with time and relatively inefficient outgassing over most of geologic time.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere deduced from geoid observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data from the GEOS-3 and SEASAT Satellites provided a very accurate geoid map over the oceans. Broad bathymetric features in the oceans such as oceanic swells and plateaus are fully compensated. It is shown that the geoid anomalies due to the density structures of the lithosphere are proportional to the first moment of the density distribution. The deepening of the ocean basins is attributed to thermal isostasy. The thickness of the oceanic lithosphere increases with age due to the loss of heat to the sea floor. Bathymetry and the geoid provide constraints on the extent of this heat loss. Offsets in the geoid across major fracture zones can also be used to constrain this problem. Geoid bathymetry correlations show that the Hawaiian and Bermuda swells and the Cape Verde Rise are probably due to lithospheric thinning.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Geopotential Res. Mission (GRM); p 44-45
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    A renormalization group approach to the stick-slip behavior of faults (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A fault which is treated as an array of asperities with a perscribed statistical distribution of strengths is described. For a linear array the stress is transferred to a single adjacent asperity and for a two dimensional array to three adjacent asperities. It is shown that the solutions bifurcate at a critical applied stress. At stresses less than the critical stress virtually no asperities fail on a large scale and the fault is locked. At the critical stress the solution bifurcates and asperity failure cascades away from the nucleus of failure. It is found that the stick slip behavior of most faults can be attributed to the distribution of asperities on the fault. The observation of stick slip behavior on faults rather than stable sliding, why the observed level of seismicity on a locked fault is very small, and why the stress on a fault is less than that predicted by a standard value of the coefficient of friction are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 1894-190
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Fractal distributions of stress and strength and variations of b-value (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A two-dimensional planar fault zone on which the difference between stress and strength follows a fractal distribution is simulated to study the variation of the frequency-magnitude b-value under different distributions of heterogeneities and ambient stress levels. It is suggested that earthquakes occur in regions where this difference exceeds a specified value and that the size of these regions is a measure of the magnitude of the associated earthquake. A systematic variation in b-value is observed. It is found that the b-value has a positive correlation with the fractal dimension of the distribution and is inversely related to the ambient stress level. Observational data are compared with the simulation, showing that the observed b-value variation before and during earthquake sequences is a result of changes in both the ambient stress level and in the fractal dimension of the stress-strength distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 91; 1-2
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    A fractal approach to probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The definition of a fractal distribution is that the number of objects (events) N with a characteristic size greater than r satisfies the relation N proportional to r exp - D is the fractal dimension. The applicability of a fractal relation implies that the underlying physical process is scale-invariant over the range of applicability of the relation. The empirical frequency-magnitude relation for earthquakes defining a b-value is a fractal relation with D = 2b. Accepting the fractal distribution, the level of regional seismicity can be related to the rate of regional strain and the magnitude of the largest characteristic earthquake. High levels of seismic activity indicate either a large regional strain or a low-magnitude maximum characteristic earthquake (or both). If the regional seismicity has a weak time dependence, the approach can be used to make probabilistic seismic hazard assessments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tectonophysics (ISSN 0040-1951); 167; 171-177
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Fractal mapping of digitized images - Application to the topography of Arizona and comparisons with synthetic images (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The concept of fractal mapping is introduced and applied to digitized topography of Arizona. It is shown that the fractal statistics satisfy the topography of the state to a good approximation. The fractal dimensions and roughness amplitudes from subregions are used to construct maps of these quantities. It is found that the fractal dimension of actual two-dimensional topography is not affected by the adding unity to the fractal dimension of one-dimensional topographic tracks. In addition, consideration is given to the production of fractal maps from synthetically derived topography.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 7491-749
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Along-strike magma mixing beneath mid-ocean ridges - Effects on isotopic ratios (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The effects of mixing processes on the isotopic variability of midocean ridge basalts are studied. The processes considered are porous flow dispersion and convective mixing in magma chambers. Porous flow dispersion is capable of mixing magmas over distances of only a few tens of meters. Convective mixing, on the other hand, is found to produce continuous magma chambers, where mixing is limited by convective processes, and for discontinuous chambers, where mixing is limited by chamber size. Preliminary comparison of the calculations with observations along the midocean ridges shows that the calculations are consistent with the existence of a correlation between bathymetry and isotopic ratio at long, but not at short, wavelengths. They are also capable of explaining a decrease in isotopic variability with increasing spreading rate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 84; 4 Au
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    A fractal model for crustal deformation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: It is hypothesized that crustal deformation occurs on a scale-invariant matrix of faults. For simplicity, a two-dimensional pattern of hexagons on which strike-slip faulting occurs is considered. The behavior of the system is controlled by a single parameter, the fractal dimension. Deformation occurs on all scales of faults. The fractal dimension determines the fraction of the total displacement that occurs on the first-order or primary faults. The value of the fractal dimension can be obtained from the frequency-magnitude relation for earthquakes. The results are applied to the San Andreas fault system in central California. Earthquake studies give D = 1.90. The main strand of the San Andreas fault is associated with the primary faults of the fractal system. It is predicted that the relative velocity across the main strand is 2.93 cm/yr. The remainder of the relative velocity of 5.5 cm/yr between the Pacific and North American plates occurs on higher-order faults. The predicted value is in reasonably good agreement with the value 3.39 + or - 0.29 cm/yr obtained from geological studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tectonophysics (ISSN 0040-1951); 132; 261-269
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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