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  • variation  (3)
  • embryo culture  (2)
  • Springer  (5)
  • Springer Nature
  • 1985-1989  (5)
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  • Springer  (5)
  • Springer Nature
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  • 1985-1989  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spotted alfalfa aphid ; Therioaphis trifolii ; aphid-resistant plants ; lucerne = alfalfa ; Medicago sativa ; variation ; bioassay ; antibiosis non-preference ; inter-plant movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de la multiplication initiale des effectifs de T. trifolii, élevés au laboratoire sur pousses de différents pieds de luzerne, a servi de test d'antibiose pour les cultures en plein champ. La distribution de l'antibiose, dans des échantillons importants de plantes appartenant à des cultivars sélectionnés pour leur résistance aux pucerons, a présenté une forme en J, c'est-à-dire que la majorité des plantes était très résistante, quelques unes apparemment sensibles, et un certain nombre intermédiaires entre ces deux extrêmes. Pour un niveau donné d'antibiose, la reproduction, la mortalité et ainsi la distribution initiale en âges dans les populations de pucerons ont été généralement identiques. La multiplication végétative de plantes présentant un gradient de résistance à l'intérieur d'un cultivar et l'utilisation d'un plan de distribution des boutures ont permis l'étude de ce qui semble être l'effet de l'hétérogénéité spatiale sur la résistance des cultures aux attaques de pucerons. La simulation d'une invasion de la culture par les pucerons en plaçant des adulte sur toutes les boutures d'un rang ne pouvait donner une explication de la croissance de la population que si les pucerons se déplacaient le long du rang pour découvrir et exploiter les pieds les plus sensibles. Une distribution par taches, comme on peut l'envisager dans un champ, ne devrait pas gêner les pucerons, car bien que les mouvements d'évasion soient stimulés par les niveaux de résistance élevés (de non-préférence), on peut en déduire que les pucerons se déplaceront sur des plantes très résistantes, eventuellement pour atteindre des plantes moins résistantes placées derriere.
    Notes: Abstract Initial population growth of spotted alfalfa aphid reared on shoots cut from individual lucerne plants, was tested and used as a realistic bioassay of antibiosis. Within cultivars selected for aphid-resistance there was a J-shaped distribution of antibiosis between plants of the crop, the majority being highly resistant, a few apparently susceptible and a proportion partly-resistant. For a given level of antibiosis, reproduction, mortality and thus initial age distribution of aphid populations were generally similar. Vegetative cloning of plants from the range of resistance available in a cultivar has allowed studies of the likely effect of spatial variation of resistance in crops on aphid infestations, using experimental arrays of cut shoots. Simulation of aphid invasion of crops by the placement of adults on all shoots of an array gave results explicable only if the aphids moved through the array to find and breed on the more susceptible plants. A patchy arrangement of these, as might be expected in a field crop, would not hinder the aphids, for although movement off a plant is stimulated by higher resistance (non-preference) levels, it was inferred that aphids will move onto higher resistance plants, eventually to reach lower resistance plants beyond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: amylase ; chicken ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Amylase allozymic and activity variation was studied in three flocks of chickens (Gallus domesticus). Individuals from one flock were studied to assess the effects of sex, tissue, and genotype on amylase activity. Additionally, the allozymes were purified and their specific activities compared. Variation was observed within and among the flocks. Two alleles were found to be segregating in the flocks, one flock being polymorphic and the other two monomorphic. Mean amylase activities among the three flocks were significantly different. The relationship of this activity variation to regulatory variation is discussed. There were no significant effects of sex or genotype on amylase activity and, in most cases, no correlation between activities in the various tissues. However, in heterozygotes one of the alloamylases had much lower activity than the other.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: amylase ; chicken ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Amylase allozymic and activity variation was studied in three flocks of chickens (Gallus domesticus). Individuals from one flock were studied to assess the effects of sex, tissue, and genotype on amylase activity. Additionally, the allozymes were purified and their specific activities compared. Variation was observed within and among the flocks. Two alleles were found to be segregating in the flocks, one flock being polymorphic and the other two monomorphic. Mean amylase activities among the three flocks were significantly different. The relationship of this activity variation to regulatory variation is discussed. There were no significant effects of sex or genotype on amylase activity and, in most cases, no correlation between activities in the various tissues. However, in heterozygotes one of the alloamylases had much lower activity than the other.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 9 (1987), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum ; embryo culture ; two-dimensional gel electrophoresis ; alloallele expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In earlier studies, only two major patterns of transcript accumulation were seen for 18 late embryogenesis abundant (Lea) gene families in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during embryogenesis and early germination. Each of these gene families probably comprises two active alloalleles. The two polypeptides encoded by seven of the Lea families can be distinguished, and analysis of their translation in vitro indicated that regulation of the homeologous transcript abundance was similar in each. In the present study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of polypeptides synthesized in excised embryos was employed to determine if LEA polypeptide synthesis is regulated at the translational level. The relative in vivo synthesis rate of each of the two polypeptides of 7 Lea families was compared with the relative concentration of their transcripts measured earlier by in vitro translation. For 4 families, the relative translational efficiencies of the homeologous mRNAs do not change during embryogenesis. However, there are changes of 1.5–3-fold in the other 3 families. The translation efficiencies of all transcripts of 9 of the Lea family mRNAs in vivo can be calculated from the fraction of total protein radioactivity incorporated in each LEA polypeptide family and the fractional abundance of Lea family transcripts measured by RNA dot hybridization. Lea mRNAs are found to be translated at near average rates throughout embryogenesis and early germination. These observations suggest that regulation of Lea gene expression at the translational level is minor.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 7 (1986), S. 155-170 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: embryo maturation ; cDNA cloning ; Gossypium hirsutum ; hybrid-arrest translation ; abscisic acid ; embryo culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Earlier studies found that cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotyledons contain several mRNAs which are more abundant during late embryogenesis than in mid-embryogenesis or early germination. They are here termed ‘Late embryogenesis-abundant’ mRNAs, encoded by Lea loci. Complementary DNA clones for 18 such mRNA sequences, defined at a hybridization criterion of Tm-15°C, were identified in a mature embryo cDNA library by differential cDNA hybridization. At a lower hybridization criterion, some sequence homology was found within several of these cloned Lea mRNA sequences. Each Lea mRNA sequence comprises 0.04–1.3% of mature embryo poly(A)+ mRNA, a level ten-fold to several hundred-fold higher than in young embryo or 24 h seedling poly(A)+ mRNA. Of 18 Lea mRNA sequences examined in cultured young embryos, the level of at least 13 are specifically increased by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), several to a level near that in normal mature embryos. However, the abundance of several of the sequences does not appear to be significantly modulated by ABA. The LEA polypeptides encoded by 10 Lea mRNA sequences were identified by hybrid-arrested translation. They include most of the late embryogenesis-abundant, ABA-inducible, polypeptides previously identified. Preliminary results suggest that many of the individual Lea mRNA sequences are transcribed from 1–3 genes in each of cotton's two subgenomes.
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