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  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (60)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (60)
  • Elsevier
  • 1985-1989  (60)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental studies of hanford miniature swine exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 229-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: reproduction ; teratology ; embryotoxicity ; growth ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Evaluations of reproductive and developmental toxicology, including teratology, were included as part of a broad screening study in Hanford Miniature swine (HMS) to detect effects of exposure to electric fields. One group (E) was exposed to a uniform, vertical, 60-Hz, 30-kV/m electric field for 20 h/day, 7 days/week sham-exposed (SE) swine were housed in a separate, environmentally equivalent building. The first generation (F0) gilts were bred after 4 months of study; some were killed for teratologic assays at 100 days of gestation (dg), and the others produced an F1 generation of offspring. The pooled incidence of terata in these litters (teratologic assays and live births) was similar in the E and SE groups. The F0 females, which produced the F1 generation, were bred again after 18 months of exposure and were killed at 100 dg. Malformation incidence in E litters (75%) was significantly greater than in SE litters (29%). No consistent differences in litter size, fetal mass, or mass of fetal organs were detected. The F1 gilts were bred at 18 months of age; defective offspring were found in significantly more of the E litters (71 %) than in SE litters (33%). These F1 females were bred again 10 months later and teratologic assays were performed on their second litters at 100 dg. The percentage of litters with malformed fetuses was essentially identical in the E and SE groups (70% and 73%, respectively). There appears to be an association between chronic exposure to a strong electric field and developmental effects in swine, although the change in incidence of malformations between generations and between the first and second breedings makes it impossible to conclude unequivocally that there is a cause-and-effect relation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080303
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric behavior of water in biological solutions: Studies on myoglobin, human low-density lipoprotein, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 151-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric methods ; water ; water of hydration ; myoglobin ; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ; human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric behavior of the aqueous solutions of three widely differing macromolecules has been investigated: myoglobin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and human serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It was not possible to interpret unambiguously the dielectric properties of the PVP solution in terms of water structure. The best interpretation of the dielectric data on the myoglobin and LDL solutions was that, in both cases, the macromolecule attracts a layer of water of hydration one or two water molecules in width. For LDL, this corresponds to a hydration factor of only 0.05 g/g, whereas for myoglobin the figure is nearer 0.6 g/g. With myoglobin, part of the water of hydration exhibits its dispersion at frequencies of a few GHz, and the rest disperses at lower frequencies, perhaps as low as 10-12 MHz. The approximate constancy of the width of the hydration shell for two molecules as dissimilar in size as LDL and myoglobin confirms that the proportion of water existing as water of hydration in a biological solution depends critically on the size of the macromolecules as well as on their concentration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250070206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproduction and development in rats chronologically exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: chronic exposure ; teratology ; reproduction ; growth ; embryotoxicity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Previous studies have raised the possibility of reproductive and developmental changes in miniature swine chronically exposed to a strong 60-Hz electric field. Two replicate experiments on rats were performed to determine if similar changes could be detected in animals exposed under a comparable regime, which was based on average, induced-current densities and on the chronology of reproductive development, as dosimetrically and biologically scaled. Beginning at three months of age, female rats of the F0 generation and their subsequent offspring were chronically exposed to a 60-Hz electric field (100 kV/ m unperturbed) for 19 h/day for the duration of experimentation.After four weeks of exposure, F0 female rats were mated to unexposed male rats during the field-off period. No significant developmental effects were detected in their litters, confirming our previous results with swine and rats. The F0 females were mated for a second time at 7.2 months of age, and the fetuses were evaluated shortly before term. In the first experiments, the incidence of intrauterine mortality was significantly less in exposed than in sham-exposed litters, and there was a tendency (P = 0.12) for an increased incidence of malformed fetuses in exposed litters. Neither end point was significantly affected in the second experiment.Copulatory behavior of the female F1 offspring, which were bred at three months of age, was not affected in either experiment. There was a statistically significant decrease in the fertility of F1 exposed females and a significant increase in the fraction of exposed litters with malformed fetuses in the first experiment; both end points were essentially the same in the sham and exposed groups of the second experiment.That the significant effects detected in the first experiment were not seen in the second may be attributed to random or biological variation. Alternatively, the finding may indicate that the response threshold for induction of malformations lies near 100 kV/m.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple nonperturbing temperature probe for microwave/radio frequency dosimetry (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 10 (1989), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: thermometry ; nonperturbing probe ; dosimetry ; temperature ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We present a simple readout device that fills the void produced by the gradual disappearance of the Vitek model 101 Electrothermia Monitor. The new device uses commercially available probes that are similar to Bowman's (IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech MTT-24:43-45, 1976) original design. As described, the device covers the range of 7 ° to 45 °C with an accuracy and resolution of better than 0.1 °C throughout. The digital readout (3½ digits) is proportional to the thermistor resistance in the tip of the probe; it is converted to temperature through a formula or printed table. Outdoor dosimetric comparisons between the new and Vitek devices were conducted. Results showed no significant difference in the calculated specific absorption rates (SARs); moreover, variance was lower in the data collected from the new device.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250100210
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-intensity magnetic fields alter operant behavior in rats (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 349-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60 Hz ; cyclotron resonance ; timing discrimination ; multiple schedule ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The present study demonstrates that operant behavior is affected by a combination of a 60-Hz magnetic field and a magnetostatic field 2.6 × 10-5T (about half the geomagnetic field). Rats exposed to this combination for 30 min consistently exhibited changes in the rate and pattern of responding during the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) component of a multiple fixed ratio (FR) DRL reinforcement schedule. By contrast, there were no measurable changes following exposure to the static field alone or to the oscillating field alone, even with a 10-fold increase in intensity (5 × 10-5 to 5 × 10-4 Trms). A cyclotron resonance mechanism has been suggested as a possible explanation for the observation that weak static magnetic fields modify the response of in vitro brain tissue to low-frequency magnetic fields. The choice of static field intensity Bo and frequency v in the present study follows from the cyclotron resonance condition v = (1/2π)(q/m)Bo, for singly charged lithium, an element in extensive use in the clinical treatment of affective disorders in humans. The present research is consistent with a cellular cyclotron resonance mechanism and tends to imply a functional dependence of behavior on the geomagnetic field.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250070402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium cyclotron resonance and diatom mobility (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 215-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF fields ; cell mobility ; calcium ion effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The hypothesis that movement of biological ions may be predicted by cyclotron resonance theory applied to cell membranes is tested in these experiments. Diatoms (Amphora coffeaeformis) were chosen as the biosystem since they move or don't move, depending on how much calcium is transported across the membrane. The experiments demonstrate that a particular ion (calcium) is apparently moved across the cell membrane in response to the DC and AC values of magnetic flux densities (B) and the frequency derived from the cyclotron resonance theory. A clear resonance is shown and a rather sharp frequency response curve is demonstrated. The experiments also show a dose response as the AC value of the flux density is varied, and that odd harmonics of the basic cyclotron frequency are also effective.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080302
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors by 60-Hz electric fields (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 337-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: hair vibration ; extremely low frequencies ; chronic stimulation ; exposure system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chronic exposure of animals to 60-Hz electric fields is known to affect the nervous system in a variety of subtle ways. The mechanism whereby these effects are produced remains unknown. One hypothesis is that the effects are a result of direct interaction between neuronal membranes and induced currents. Alternatively, the effects could be produced indirectly, as a result of sensory stimulation and the resulting low-level stress. To test these hypotheses, a system was developed to expose the surface of an anesthetized cat's paw to surface electric fields up to 600 kV/m while simultaneously measuring, in dorsal root fibers, afferent nerve impulses originating from various receptor types in the exposed paw. Of the 245 receptor units tested, comprising ten cutaneous receptor types, ten responded to the electric field with an increase in firing rate. The most sensitive receptor type was the rapidly adapting field receptor (RAF); eight of 20 (40%) were sensitive to the electric field, with thresholds as low as 160 kV/m. One of 35 rapidly adapting high-frequency receptors and one of 22 type T hair-follicle receptors were also sensitive to the electric field. Follow-up tests on the RAF receptors showed that hair removal reduced but did not eliminate the electric field sensitivity, suggesting that at least one other mechanism was involved in addition to stimulation via hair movement. The most likely mechanism is field-induced vibrations of the skin, since a further reduction in firing rate occurred following application of mineral oil to the depilated paw. Direct interaction with neuronal membranes is not supported by our evidence.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080403
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of channelized membrane ions in magnetic fields (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 39-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cyclotron resonance ; ion channels ; multiple conductance ; calcium efflux ; eigenfrequencies ; membrane transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The cyclotron resonance model for channel ion transport in weak magnetic fields is extended to include damping losses. The conductivity tensor is obtained for different electric field configurations, including the circuital field EΦ normal to the channel axis. The conductivity behavior close to the cyclotron resonance frequency ωc is compared to existing Ca2+ -efflux data in the literature. A collision time of .023 s results from this comparison under the assumption that K+ ions are transiting in a 0.35 G field. We estimate a mean kinetic energy of 3.5 eV for this ion at resonance. This model leads to discrete modes of vibration (eigenfrequencies) in the ion-lattice interaction, such that ωn = nωc. The presence of such harmonics is compatible with recent results by Blackman et al. [1985b] and McLeod et al. [1986] with the interesting exception that even modes do not appear in their observations, whereas the present model has no restriction on n. This harmonic formalism is also consistent with another reported phenomenon, that of quantized multiple conductances in single patch-clamped channels.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250090104
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic characteristics of membrane ions in multifield configurations of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 177-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cyclotron resonance ; ion channels ; weak electromagnetic field effects ; ELF bioeffects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We seek to extend the recent suggestion that classical cyclotron resonance of biologically important ions is implicated in weak electromagnetic field-cell interactions. The motion of charged particles in a constant magnetic field and periodic electric field is examined under the simplifying assumption of no damping. Each of the nine terms of the relative dielectric tensor is found to have a dependence on functions that include the factor (ω2 - ω)-1, where ωB is the gyrofrequency. We also find a plasmalike decomposition of the electric field into oppositely rotating components that could conceivably act to drive oppositely charged ions in the same direction through helical membrane channels. For weak low-frequency magnetic fields, an additional feature arises, namely, periodic reinforcement of the resonance condition with intervals of the order of tens of msec for biological ions such as Li+, Na+, and K+.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250070208
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residential magnetic and electric fields (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 315-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; exposure assessment ; ELF ; power frequency ; epidemiology ; cancer ; residential ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A magnetic flux density (MFD) and electric-field (E-field) data-acquisition system was built for characterizing extremely low-frequency fields in residences. Every 2 min during 24-h periods, MFD and E-field measurements were made in 43 homes in King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties of Washington State. The total electrical energy used in each residence during the 24-h measurement period was also recorded, and maps were drawn to scale of the distribution wiring within 43 m (140 ft) of these homes. Finally, on a separate date, field measurements were made in each home during an epidemiological interview. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) 24-h-average MFD measured at two separate points in the family room were correlated, as were a 24-h-average bedroom measurement and the mean of the two family-room measurements. 2) The 24-h-average family-room MFD and E-field measurements were uncorrelated. 3) The 24-h-average total harmonic distortions of family-room MFD and E-fields were less than about 24% and 7%, respectively. 4) Residential MFD exhibited a definite 24-h (diurnal) cycle. 5) The 24-h-average and interviewer-measured MFD were correlated. 6) Residential 24-h-average MFD were correlated with the wiring code developed by Wertheimer and Leeper. 7) An improved prediction of 24-h-average residential MFD was obtained using the total number of service drops, the distance to neighboring transmission lines, and the number of primary phase conductors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080402
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