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  • Picea abies  (2)
  • Trifolium repens  (2)
  • 1985-1989  (4)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical symptoms of stress in the mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Physiological ecology ; Forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191535
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical symptoms of stress in the mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Physiological ecology ; Forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021068
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symbiotically fixed nitrogen from field- grown white and red clover mixed with ryegrasses at low levels of15N-fertilization (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: clover ; legume/grass mixture ; Lolium multiflorum ; Lolium perenne ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; Trifolium pratense ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was carried out near Zürich (Switzerland) to determine the yield of symbiotically fixed nitrogen (15N dilution) from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) grown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) and from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). A zero N fertilizer treatment was compared to a 30 kg N/ha per cut regime (90 to 150 kg ha−1 annually). The annual yield of clover N derived from symbiosis averaged 131 kg ha−1 (49 to 227 kg) without N fertilization and 83 kg ha−1 (21 to 173 kg) with 30 kg of fertilizer N ha−1 per cut in the seeding year. Values for the first production year were 308 kg ha−1 (268 to 373 kg) without N fertilization and 232 kg ha−1 (165 to 305 kg) with 30 kg fertilizer N ha−1 per cut. The variation between years was associated mainly with the proportion of clover in the mixtures. Apparent clover-to-grass transfer of fixed N contributed up to 52 kg N ha−1 per year (17 kg N ha−1 on average) to the N yield of the mixtures. Percentage N derived from symbiosis averaged 75% for white and 86% for red clover. These percentages were affected only slightly by supplemental nitrogen, but declined markedly during late summer for white clover. It is concluded that the annual yield of symbiotically fixed N from clover/grass mixtures can be very high, provided that the proportion of clover in the mixtures exceeds 50% of total dry mass yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372535
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dissimilarities in temporal and spatial N-uptake patterns on15N-based estimates of fixation and transfer of N in ryegrass-clover mixtures (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: clover ; Lolium multiflorum ; Lolium perenne ; 15N ; N-uptake ; nitrogen transfer ; nitrogen fixation ; Trifolium repens ; Trifolium pratense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The temporal N-uptake patterns of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mixed with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) mixed with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were determined in successive harvests of herbage within the growth cycles of a ley established near Zürich (Switzerland). Rooting patterns were examined by injecting15N-fertilizer at soil depths ranging from 10 to 40 cm. The results were analyzed to determine the effect of variations in time and depth of N-uptake on the15N-based measurement of N from symbiosis (Nsym) and N from transfer (Ntrans). Grasses in mixture appeared to have deeper rooting systems than grass monocultures, which led to an overestimation of N transfer from white clover to perennial ryegrass if15N was spread on the soil surface. White clover generally lagged behind grass in soil N- uptake. Soil N-uptake of red clover slowed down before that of the grass because % Nsym almost reached 100% during the second half of each growth cycle. However, the effect of these dissimilarities on the seasonal average of %Nsym did not exceed 2%. It is concluded that at the observed high levels of N2 fixation, failure to account for the N-uptake patterns of the test and reference crops only slightly affected the estimates of % Nsym and % Ntrans, and did not invalidate the observed differences between species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139992
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