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  • Chemical Engineering  (552)
  • GENERAL
  • 1985-1989  (487)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1215-1218 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Transparent dimethyl siloxane network polymers with refractive indices near 1.40 may be applied to fused silica fibers (n = 1.458) as they are drawn to produce plastic-clad silica (PCS) optical fibers. The evanescent tail of the light energy propagating in the core of such fibers extends into the silicone cladding, where it interacts with chemical species present in the polymer. If the silicone is doped with a dye, the absorption spectrum or fluorescence spectrum of the dye is reflected in the transmission spectrum of the fiber. Further, if the dye changes its absorption spectrum or fluorescence spectrum as a result of diffusion of a chemical species into the silicone, the change is detectable in the fiber output. The polymer material properties which determine the performance of these sensors are described, along with examples of sensors for ammonia and oxygen which utilize either color changing or fluorescent dyes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 9 (1988), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of filler content and applied electrical field on the electrical resistivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) filled with aluminum particles was investigated. The resistivity of such composite suddenly decreases by several orders of magnitude at a critical volume concentration φc. In addition, for filler contents lower than φc, the PMMA/Al composite undergoes a transition from a high to a low resistance material in correspondence of a critical value of the external applied electrical field. This value has been related to thermal breakdown occurring in the regions between conductive particles. Moreover, the permittivity spectrum as a function of frequency is reported for composites of several filler contents, and the Lal and Parshad law was used to correlate the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 27 (1987), S. 463-469 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Styrene/butyl acrylate copolymers with layer morphology were synthesized using an emulsion copolymerization process, The kinetic parameters studied include monomers composition, initiator and transfer agent content, feeding time, and monomer addition sequence. The final product consists of a homopolymer nucleus surrounded by concentric shells of copolymers with different composition; the initial composition is quite rich in the monomer that forms the nucleus while the process ends with an enriched layer of the second homopolymer. Since the middle copolymer layer tends to increase the compatibility among the original homopolyers, we expected to have a set of core-shell products with completely different properties. However, the experimental results showed that this was not the case. The composition effect on the viscoelastic properties shows, on one hand, that an increase in the butyl acrylate content lowers the elastic response of the final product, and on the other hand, that the elasticity increases with copolymer content. As the initiator content in the reaction media increases, the viscosity of the coreshell products decreases because of the existence of a media flooded with free radicals. If the butyl acrylate is first added, a graft polymerization is favored because of the polar nature of this homopolymer and, therefore, the molecular weight level increases.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 207-211 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The embrittlement of ductile polymers resulting from outdoor weathering or aging or from the application of brittle surface coatings is explained using fracture mechanics principles. It is shown that in order for surface embrittlement to occur, the brittle surface should have a dynamic stress intensity factor at the brittle/ductile interface that exceeds the arrest toughness of the ductile polymer. This phenomenon is modeled using duplex tensile specimens fabricated from poly(methylmethacrylate) (brittle layer) and polycarbonate (ductile substrate) as well as from styrene-acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1399-1404 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new capillary rheometer incorporated in an instrumented transfer molding press has been developed. This rheometer is effective for determining the viscosity characteristics of thermoset molding compounds under both isothermal and typical molding conditions. In examples of the rheometer's utility, the power law indices of two commercial epoxy molding compounds have been determined to be approximately 0.7. Additionally it has been shown that preconditioning typical epoxy compounds at 47 percent relative humidity causes a viscosity decrease of about 40 percent owing to plasticization of the epoxy resin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 600-604 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recovery experiments above Tg have been performed on polymeric liquid crystal (PLC) - polystyrene (PS) blend sheets obtained from extrusion and subsequent hot drawing. The data reported show that a significant improvement of the dimensional stability of a drawn thermoplastic material can be obtained by adding a low percentage of non-compatible polymeric liquid crystals that are oriented during the hot drawing process. The fibrils formed act as a constraint for a certain amount of polymer surrounding them and consequently these highly oriented sheets, once exposed to high temperature, will mainly stress relax and do not creep. This effect disappears when the melting temperature of the oriented crystalline phase is reached. Compatible PLC-PS blends do not show any improvement on the dimensional stability compared to the unfilled matrix.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 27 (1987), S. 562-567 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) studies of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly/(amide-6,6) (PA) blends are presented. The blends were prepared in the molten state and in solution with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the solvent. The PET/PA blend is a complex system containing, two crystallizable polymers with the ability to interact chemically. Some of the blends were prepared in the molten state in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) to undergo the ester-amide interchange reaction. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and FT-IR have proven to be excellent techniques with which to study these blends. 1HNMR was used to follow the ester-amide interchange reaction and FT-IR to detect the presence of hydrogen bonding. FT-IR studies showed the lack of hydrogen bonding in all the blends prepared in the molten state and its presence in the blends prepared in solution.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 27 (1987), S. 1113-1120 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A nonlinear finite element model for the static analysis of football helmets is developed as a first step in a methodology for the mathematical modeling of helmets. Polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene are considered as the shell material for the helmet. Such a methodology can be used to predict helmet response to loading and impact and can be incorporated in a computer program studying injuries caused by helmeted head collisions in football. Numerical results in terms of force-deflection curves, maximum stresses, and work of deformation are given. The influence of the polymeric material forming the helmet shell on energy absorption is studied. The effect of the internal padding material and suspension system is also considered.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 27 (1987), S. 1473-1478 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Residual stresses can have either beneficial or detrimental effects on the mechanical properties of plastics. Manufacturing processes frequently impose residual stresses on plastics. In this study, controlled thermal processes were used to impose surface compressive stresses on polycarbonate beam samples (6.4 by 12.5 by 80 mm). Resistance strain gage and photoelastic techniques were developed to measure the magnitude of these stored stresses. The compressive surface stresses were found to be between 14 MPa (2000 psi) and 31 MPa (4500 psi) and to vary with process method and cooling rate. The mean fatigue life (in bending) of the treated beam samples was found to improve by a factor of 10 over that of untreated samples. The increase in the fatigue life of the treated samples appears to be directly related to the magnitude of the surface compressive residual stress in the samples. The imposed residual stress, as determined by photoelastic measurements, has not appreciably relaxed after 1 year of storage at room temperature.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reaction schemes for the thermal cracking of paraffins, naphthenes, olefins, and aromatics, and the associated rate equations, are generated by an algorithm based upon Boolean relation matrices. In order to reduce calculation times for the heavier components, a self-learning system is introduced. This self-learning system avoids repetition of identical calculations by recognizing intermediate species, for which the reaction schemes have already been generated. The software includes routines for standardizing the representation of the species, an information retrieval system, and libraries containing the necessary information for recognition of the species and the reaction schemes for these species.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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