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  • SPACE RADIATION  (13)
  • Chemistry  (12)
  • 1985-1989  (9)
  • 1960-1964  (16)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical modification of polydienes, 3Part 2: cf.2.. Copolymers with polytetrahydrofuran by grafting-from butadiene polymers (1986)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 187 (1986), S. 2763-2774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polybutadienes of various microstructures and some butadiene copolymers were epoxidised to low levels (〈1 mol-%) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The epoxide groups functioned as initiation sites for a “grafting-from polymerization” of tetrahydrofuran (THF) catalysed by BF3. By conducting the reaction in dilute THF solution ([Monomeric unit] 〈 0,3 mol · 1-1) with a large excess of BF3 over epoxide groups, gel formation was avoided. The conversion of THF was less than 2% and the copolymers contained from 10 to 50% polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) comprising graft chains of molar mass up to 43000 g · mol-1. The relative rate of grafting tended to decrease as the content of trans-1,4 units in the backbone polymer increased, and, unusually, there was a small increase in volume during the graft copolymerization. The graft copolymers had a two-phase morphology consisting of amorphous rubber and crystallites of PTHF. The latter function as physical crosslinks which break down above the melting point of PTHF, so that the materials behave as thermoplastic elastomers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1986.021871203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto casein: A kinetic study (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2123-2133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyacrylamide has been grafted onto casein in phosphate buffer medium using potassium peroxodisulfate as initiator. The influence of synthetic variables on percent grafting, grafting efficiency, rates of conversion of monomer, and the rates of graft copolymerization have been discussed. A possible kinetic scheme based on experimental results has been derived.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270629
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theory of green strength in polyisoprene (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1071-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that, at -25°C, natural rubber (NR) crystallizes more readily than synthetic polyisoprene (IR), the long induction period for nucleation in IR in particular being dependent on the carbon black loading. Both elastomers form bound rubber with carbon black but not with nonreinforcing fillers such as CaCO3 and glass powder. At room temperature, in the presence of carbon black, NR has good green strength but not IR, while neither rubber has good green strength with nonreinforcing fillers. However, at 0°C CaCO3 filled NR too has good green strength. A theory is proposed to account for the good green strenth characteristics found with certain compounds. In the model rubber molecules, already bound to the carbon black surface, are linked together, at low strains, via stress-induced crystal lamellae, giving a three-dimensional network in the compound. Such crystal lamellae are known to grow at right angles to the direction of strain from row nuclei formed at low strains. The coherence provided by the network permits the formation, at higher strains, of stress-induced crystals in which polymer chains are now aligned in the direction of strain. This leads to an upturn in the stress-strain curve. In the absence of either bound rubber or of crystal lamellae, a long range network structure cannot form and extension of the sample continues at constant stress.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270329
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recursive identification of gross errors in linear data reconciliation (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 34 (1988), S. 541-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the reconciliation of measurements of flows and concentrations so that they conform to conservation laws and other constraints, any gross errors in the measurements must be identified in order that they can be either corrected or deleted.A new method is derived for the recursive prediction of the changes in the objective function, and of the statistical tests for the measurements, which would result from the deletion of suspect measurements. Inverses of large matrices are not required and the reconciliation can also be easily calculated for any set of deletions. It is shown that the decrease in the objective function caused by deletion of a single measurement equals the square of the corresponding maximum power measurement statistic, calculated prior to that deletion. An algorithm for the detection of suspect sets of gross errors, whose deletion leads to acceptable values of all statistical tests and process flow rates, is proposed and illustrated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Test of maximum power for detection of gross errors in process constraints (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 869-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350521
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase-Doppler-Anemometry and the Log-Hyperbolic Distribution applied to Liquid Sprays (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 5 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper provides a description of the local drop-size distributions in a liquid spray issuing from a 60° oil-burner nozzle obtained experimentally using a phase-doppler anemometer. The details of the optical system and the signal processing electronics of the phase-Doppler anemometer are included.Details have also been given concerning the use of the log-hyperbolic distribution and in particular of a procedure for determining the four defining parameters from a given experimental distribution, in this case that of drop size. Analytical formulae to compute moments of the distribution and the mean diameters are also given.All size distributions are shown to be well described by the log-hyperbolic distribution involving four parameters. The variation of these parameters along the axis of the jet clearly reveals a developing region of the spray followed by a fully developed state, for which physical reasons are given. The parameters can also be used to predict the local drop-size distribution at any intermediate location on the spray axis.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19880050401
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased fragmentation in methane chemical ionization in the ion trap detector (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 24 (1989), S. 973-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210241025
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal depolymerization of polystyrene. VI. Investigation of „weak links“ by ozonization (1962)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 53 (1962), S. 72-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei der Ozonisierung von Polystyrol beobachtet man (innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen) dasselbe Absinken des Molekulargewichtes zu Beginn des Versuches wie bei der thermischen Spaltung der schwachen Bindungen; ferner ergibt sich, daß das Molekulargewicht von thermisch vorbehandeltem Polystyrol durch Ozonisierung nicht weiter verringert wird. Daraus läßt sich schließen, daß die schwachen Bindungen mit den ungesättigten Bindungen in der Polymerenkette im Zusammenhang stehen.Die Ergebnisse dieser und der vorhergehenden Arbeit führten zu der Auffassung, daß die schwachen Bindungen auf chinoide Strukturen zurückzuführen sind, die sich bei der Polymerisation durch Reaktion einer Resonanzform des Polystyrolradikals bilden, in der das Radikalzentrum im Benzolkern vorliegt.Ein nicht-radikalischer Mechanismus für die thermische Spaltung der schwachen Bindungen wird vorgeschlagen, der alle experimentellen Befunde zufriedenstellend erklärt.
    Notes: The initial decrease in the molecular weight of polystyrene on ozonization is, within experimental error, the same as that which occurs during thermal weak link scission. In addition, the molecular weight of polystyrene in which weak links have been destroyed thermally does not further decrease on ozonization. Thus it is deduced that the weak links in polystyrene are associated with unsaturation in the main polymer chains.Taken in conjunction with previous work this evidence has led to the proposition that weak links are associated with quinonoid type structures formed during polymerization by reaction of polystyryl radicals in one of the resonance forms in which the radical centre exists in the benzene ring.A non-radical mechanism for thermal weak link scission is proposed which satisfies all the experimental findings.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1962.020530109
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal depolymerization of polystyrene. V. Styrene  -  stilbene copolymers (1962)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden Copolymere von Styrol und Stilben hergestellt, um zu prüfen, ob die schwachen Bindungen im Polystyrol auf Kopf-Kopf-Verknüpfungen zurückzuführen sind. Der Stilbengehalt dieser Copolymeren wurde mit Hilfe von tritium-markiertem Stilben ermittelt; es wurde gezeigt, daß die Reaktionsfähigkeit des Styrolmoleküls gegenüber dem Polystyrolradikal ungefähr elfmal so groß ist wie die des Stilbenmoleküls. Die Anwesenheit von Stilbengrundbausteinen in den Polystyrolketten beeinflußt den Abbau nicht wesentlich; daraus geht hervor, daß die Kopf-Kopf-Struktur nicht die Ursache für die schwachen Bindungen im Polystyrol ist.
    Notes: In order to test whether the weak links in polystyrene are head to head linkages, copolymers of styrene and stilbene were prepared. The stilbene content of these copolymers was measured using radiochemical techniques involving tritium labelled stilbene and the reactivity of the styrene molecule shown to be approximately 11 times that of the stilbene molecule towards the polystyryl radical. The presence of stilbene units in polystyrene chains does not significantly affect the degradation properties from which it follows that head to head structures do not constitute weak links in polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1962.020510112
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR shift reagents for organic salts: Shift mechanism, bound shifts and structural analysis (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 27 (1989), S. 734-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: NMR shift reagent ; Lanthanide ; Organic salts ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lanthanide tetrakis(β-diketonate) anions are effective NMR shift reagents for organic salts. The shifts in the 1H NMR spectra were analyzed and explained without invoking a contact shift mechanism. The equilibria of the shift reagent-substrate complex was examined. No evidence was found for a 1:2 shift reagent-substrate complex. Bound shifts and association constants were determined for 1-methyltetrahydrothiophenium iodide (1) and 1-ethylquinolinium (3) iodide. The observed shifts for these salts were fitted to calculated shifts using the simplified dipolar shift equation. A single lanthanide location was identified with 3. A time average of at least two configurations of shift reagent-substrate complex was required with 1.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260270805
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