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  • Articles  (4)
  • Cambridge University Press  (4)
  • 1985-1989  (2)
  • 1965-1969  (2)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (4)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1968-03-18
    Description: The existence of a ‘wake’ upstream of an obstacle moving slowly through a stratified fluid has been known for some time. The present study shows that a thin, flat plate moving slowly and horizontally through a linearly stratified salt-water mixture has, in addition, a boundary layer over the plate whose thickness increases upstream from thebackof the plate.The theory assumes that the ratio of diffusivity to viscosity is small, and that the plate moves so slowly that inertia forces are negligible; under these conditions, a similarity solution is derived describing the boundary layer over the plate. The study also shows that salt diffusion is important in a second, thinner boundary layer whose thickness increases from the front of the plate.In the experiment, a plate was towed through a tank of linearly stratified salt water. From streak photographs of the boundary layer over the plate, it was possible to confirm quantitatively the similarity solution and to infer at very slow velocities the presence of the thin diffusion boundary layer.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1968-03-18
    Description: A conference on ‘Stratified Fluids’ was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 11–14 April 1967, under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. The meeting was organized by Professor C.-S. Yih (University of Michigan) with the assistance of the other members of the scientific committee: T. B. Benjamin, W. R. Debler, L. N. Howard, R. R. Long, J. W. Miles, W. H. Munk and O. M. Phillips. Thirty papers were delivered on subjects involving the application of stratified fluid problems to geophysical phenomena, waves in stratified fluids, experimental and observational investigations, and stability. We give here a brief account of the proceedings. The papers delivered will not be published in a formal volume; references to where they can be found are given at the end of this article.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1985-02-01
    Description: An experimental study was performed to further understanding of turbulent mixing in a two-layer fluid subjected to shear-free turbulence. At low Richardson numbers Ri (= ΔbD3*/K2, where Δb is the buoyancy jump, D*is the depth of a mixed layer and K is ‘action’) the entrainment seems to occur through the eroding effect of large eddies, whereas at high Ri the large eddies flatten at the density interface and the quasi-isotropic eddies near the interface are responsible for the entrainment. The buoyancy transfer can be well described by a gradient-transport model when the eddy diffusivity is properly defined. At or just above the entrainment interface, the buoyancy flux is of the same order as the dissipation, and the diffusive-flux Richardson number tends to a constant. The thickness h of the interfacial layer was measured in three different ways and was found to grow linearly with D* in agreement with preliminary findings of an earlier investigation of Fernando & Long (1983). The buoyancy gradient in the interfacial layer was found to be constant, and the resulting buoyancy conservation law was experimentally verified. The frequency of the interfacial-layer waves appears to vary as Ri1. The present results, together with the results of the earlier work of Fernando & Long, show a good agreement with a theory of Long (1978b) for behaviour at high values of Ri. The closure assumptions of that theory were also verified by our measurements. © 1985, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1986-01-01
    Description: A laboratory investigation of the influence of wind on the evolution of mechanically generated regular (m.g.r.) waves is reported. Surface elevation measurements were made at four fetches for steep (0.1 〈 αk 〈 0.2, 2 Hz) m.g.r. waves, moderate (15 〈 u+ 〈 25 cm s13–6 Hz) wind waves, and combinations of the m.g.r. and wind waves. The m.g.r. wave spectra exhibit Benjamin-Feir sidebands that grow exponentially with fetch and whose growth rate increases as the initial wave steepness increases. As fetch increases for the wind cases, total energy increases and the frequency of the spectral maximum downshifts, but no spectral lines representing Benjamin-Feir sidebands were detected even though the wave steepness and fetch were similar to the m.g.r. waves whose spectra displayed sidebands. As wind speed increased over the m.g.r. waves, sideband magnitude, sideband growth rate and low-frequency perturbation components associated with the instability mechanism were reduced. © 1986, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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