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  • 1985-1989  (7)
  • 1970-1974  (3)
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Year
  • 1
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    Infrared observations of planetary atmospheres (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Infrared data was obtained on planetary atmospheres which provides critical information on atmospheric structure, composition, and cloud properties in support of planetary missions such as Voyager and Galileo. Mapping of Jupiter and Saturn in thermal and reflected solar radiation is a high-priority monitoring and exploratory activity. Some of these images of Jupiter are shown. Radiation at 17.8 micrometer probes the upper tropospheric temperature structure where spatial structure bears a strong resemblance to visible and near-infrared reflected sunlight such as at 2.0 micrometer. At 7.8 micrometer, stratospheric temperatures appear to have a three-banded structure, enhancements near the magnetic poles and occasional transient features such as the equatorial filament near the right limb. Clouds or hazes are observed high in the stratosphere looking at wavelengths such as 2.2 micrometer, where gaseous opacity is very strong. Other maps examine cloud properties from thermal radiation not strongly influenced by gaseous opacity and the distribution of condensable gases, such as ammonia. Millimeter and submillimeter filtered radiometric observations were made of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune via collaborative work. Radiometric observations of Uranus and Neptune at 21 and 32 micrometer were acquired and analyzed as well as grating array spectra in the ranges of 8 to 14 micrometer, 16 to 23 micrometer, and 18 to 32 micrometer. These showed evidence for C2H2 in the stratosphere of Uranus and C2H4 in the stratosphere of Neptune.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 49-50
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Far infrared and submillimeter brightness temperatures of the giant planets (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The brightness temperatures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune in the range 35 to 1000 micron. The effective temperatures derived from the measurements, supplemented by shorter wavelength Voyager data for Jupiter and Saturn, are 126.8 + or - 4.5 K, 93.4 + or - 3.3 K, 58.3 + or - 2.0 K, and 60.3 + or - 2.0 K, respectively. The implications of the measurements for bolometric output and for atmospheric structure and composition are discussed. The temperature spectrum of Jupiter shows a strong peak at approx. 350 microns followed by a deep valley at approx. 450 to 500 microns. Spectra derived from model atmospheres qualitatively reproduced these features but do not fit the data closely.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-88179 , REPT-86003 , NAS 1.15:88179 , PREPRINT-SERIES-33
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    The brightness temperature of Venus and the absolute flux-density scale at 608 MHz. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The disk temperature of Venus was measured at 608 MHz near the inferior conjunction of 1972, and a value of 498 plus or minus 33 K was obtained using a nominal CKL flux-density scale. The result is consistent with earlier measurements, but has a much smaller uncertainty. Our theoretical model prediction is larger by a factor of 1.21 plus or minus 0.09. This discrepancy has been noticed previously for frequencies below 1400 MHz, but was generally disregarded because of the large observational uncertainties. No way could be found to change the model to produce agreement without causing a conflict with well-established properties of Venus. Thus it is suggested that the flux-density scale may require an upward revision, at least near this frequency, in excess of what has previously been considered likely.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 183; Aug. 1
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  • 4
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    High resolution interferometric observations of Venus at three radio wavelengths. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 5
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    Lateral inhomogeneities in the Venus atmosphere - Analysis of thermal infrared maps (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The thermal infrared maps of Venus published by Murray, Wildey, and Westphal (1963) and Westphal, Wildey, and Murray (1965) have been analyzed systematically in order to separate the observed intensity into a limb-darkening component and a solar-associated component representing fixed patterns of intensity corotating with the earth and sun, respectively. Interesting new results are obtained for the solar-associated component. Regions near the subsolar point and the poles are not covered in the original maps or in the analysis. The solar-associated pattern of intensity is very nearly symmetric about the equator. In both northern and southern hemispheres, an intensity minimum seems to occur near the morning terminator at middle to high latitudes, slightly beyond the limit of the maps. An intensity maximum occurs on the equator slightly to the east of the antisolar point.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Icarus; 21; Feb. 197
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  • 6
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    Far-infrared and submillimeter brightness temperatures of the giant planets (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The brightness temperatures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune were measured in the 35-1000 micron range with the 3-m NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (at wavelengths greater than 350 microns) and with the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (at wavelengths less than 350 microns). The data indicate the presence in Jupiter's spectrum of excess radiation (compared to theoretical models) at 300-400 microns. In addition, slightly less flux was observed from Saturn at 200 microns than predicted by atmospheric models, which suggests the possible presence of an unmodeled absorber. The submillimeter fluxes from Uranus and Neptune appear to be most consistent with low mixing ratios (less than 1 percent) of CH4 in their deep atmospheres.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 64; 64-87
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  • 7
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    Thermal spectrum of Uranus - Implications for large helium abundance (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An analysis of the infrared spectrum of Uranus' disk between 7 micrometers and 3 millimeters suggests a volume mixing ratio for helium in the atmosphere of 40 + or - 20 percent, more than for the sun, Jupiter, or Saturn. Alternative explanations require even more extreme assumptions regarding gas abundances or aerosol vertical distribution and spectral properties. The most serious difficulty with a model containing large amounts of helium is devising a credible evolutionary or chemical model explaining the absence or segregation of so much hydrogen.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 231; 836-840
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  • 8
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    Submillimeter and millimeter observations of Uranus and Neptune (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Neptune and Uranus were studied at submillimeter and millimeter wavelengths for 2 yr using the UK IR telescope and the NASA IR telescope at Mauna Kea and the 12 dish at Kitt Peak, AZ. The brightness temperatures of both planets are provided at various wavelengths over the 0.35-3.3 mm interval scanned in the study. The present data, in combination with data from the 17 microns-3 mm interval scanned in the study. The present data, in combination with data from the 17 microns-3 mm interval taken during previous campaigns, are employed to model the temperature structures in the atmospheres of the two planets over the vertical range 100 mbar-8 bar. The data support the presence of active convection processes at the 1 bar level and deeper in both atmospheres. A static equilibrium however, exists between para-H2 and ortho-H2, along with a constant CH4 fraction of 2 percent. Deficiencies in the current database are detailed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 67; 289-304
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  • 9
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    Infrared polar brightening on Jupiter. III - Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS experiment (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Spectra from the Voyager 1 IRIS experiment confirm the existence of enhanced infrared emission near Jupiter's north magnetic pole in March 1979. The spectral characteristics of the enhanced emission are consistent with a Planck source function. A temperature-pressure profile is derived for the region near the north magnetic pole, from which quantitative abundance estimates of minor species are made. Some species previously detected on Jupiter, including CH3D, C2H2, and C2H6, have been observed again near the pole. Newly discovered species, not previously observed on Jupiter, include C2H4, C3H4, and C6H6. All of these species except CH3D appear to have enhanced abundances at the north polar region with respect to midlatitudes. Upper limits are determined for C4H2 and C3H8. The quantitative results are compared with model calculations based on ultraviolet results from the IUE satellite. The plausibility of the C6H6 identification is discussed in terms of the literature on C2H2 polymerization. The relation of C6H6 to cuprene is also discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 64; 233-248
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  • 10
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    Submillimeter and millimeter observations of Jupiter (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Using absolute calibrations referenced to Mars, narrowband photometry has been obtained for the Jovian disk in ten passbands covering the 0.35-3.3 mm wavelength range. Existing atmospheric temperature structure and composition constraints are taken as the context for an analysis of the derived brightness temperature spectrum. Results obtained for the 0.35-0.45 mm range are noted to suggest that radiances can be matched by models which include NH3 ice particles of 30-100 micron size. A 5-percent increase of the absolute calibration scale would yield results well fitted by a clear atmosphere model, obviating the supposition of additional Jovian atmosphere absorption.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 65; 244-256
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