ALBERT

Notes: This paper considers the nature of organizational conflict in general and conflict in the co-operative society in particular.It examines the unitary and pluralistic views of organizations and considers the suggestions that conflict is necessary for the independence of the individual, is constructive for the organization and is inevitable in any form of society. It investigates the proposed mechanisms for restraining conflict so that it is constructive.It is then argued that the co-operative retail society is a pluralistic organization comprising a number of different interest groups with their own sets of values. These groups tend to be engaged in an evaluation of the other groups and this evaluation carries with it the framework for competition rather than co-operation.It is contended that when economic conditions are favourable and there is a substantial surplus in the society the different groups can be satisfied and the inherent conflict remains submerged. The evaluation process is, in these conditions, latent, and internal competition is likely to be minimal. When economic conditions are unfavourable it is suggested that the divergent interests come to the surface. There is less dividend available for the members, the demands of managers and staff for higher wages and salaries may be difficult to meet, the members may be concerned about their capital and wish to draw it at a time when management want to retain it in the society. Within management the competition for scarce resources becomes sharper, and between management and staff there is increased tension as the former increase the pressure for greater efficiency. Economic values predominate and the holders of social values feel their position within the society to be threatened. To reassert themselves, they may stress the need for more effective democratic control. This emphasis on democratic control is a part of a wider feeling of anti-professionalism. This may take a number of forms, all, of which are aimed to redress the balance between managers and laymen. The attempt to establish firmer democratic control and the broader issue of anti-professionalism are both likely to intensify the conflict situation in a retail society at a time of economic stress.

Notes: The ability of the herbicide safeners, BAS-145138 (1-dichloroacetyl-hexahydro-3,3,8a-trimethyl-pyrrolo(1,2a)pyrimidin-6(2H)-one), dichlormid (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide), flurazole (phenylmethyl ester), and MG-191 (2-dichloromelhyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) for preventing metazachlor injury to maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seedlings were compared with their effects on 14C-metazachlor metabolism to a glutathione (GSH) conjugate, effects on non-protein thiol contents (mainly GSH) and effects on Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in these two species.Sorghum shoot growth was reduced by 41% and maize shoot growth was reduced by 54%, by metazachlor concentrations in vermiculite nutrient culture of 0·6 μM and 7·5μM, respectively. In this system, all four compounds had significant activity as safeners for metazachlor in both sorghum and maize seedlings. BAS-145138 and flurazole were the most effective safeners in maize and sorghum, respectively. In the absence of safeners, the rate of non-enzymatic conjugation of metazachlor and GSH was much greater than the enzymatic rate. However, the rate of enzymatic conjugation of metazachlor with GSH was increased by safener treatment in both maize and sorghum. Safener effectiveness was highly correlated with increases in 14C-metazachlor uptake and metabolism in both species. Safener effectiveness was more highly correlated with safener effects on GST activity in maize or sorghum when 14C-metazachlor was used as the substrate than when the non-specific CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) was used as the substrate. Safener effectiveness was also strongly correlated with safener effects on GSH levels in sorghum, but not in maize, possibly because of the greater importance of non-enzymatic conjugation of metazachlor with GSH in sorghum as compared to maize.

Notes: Summary. White ash (Fraxinus americana L.) trees, 2 years of age, treated continuously with 10 ppm picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) in nutrient culture were only slightly injured after 4 weeks whereas red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees were killed after only 2 weeks treatment.When the roots were exposed to 10 ppm 14C-picloram, the rate of root uptake, acropetal translocation in the stem, and accumulation in the leaves was much lower in the susceptible red maple than in the tolerant white ash. The foliar penetration and translocation of 14C-picloram applied to the leaves was very slight but similar in both species. Although a radiolabelled picloram metabolite was isolated from plant extracts, it was formed at equal rates in both species.It was concluded that the tolerance of white ash was not related to lower rates of picloram uptake or faster rates of picloram detoxication. It was postulated that the high susceptibility of red maple was due to a blockage of the xylem by picloram which caused death by a dessication of the leaves and upper stems. Action sélective du piclorame sur Fraxinus amerieana L. et Acer rubrum L.

Notes: The anatomy of the shoot system of red maple and white ash was examined at various times after treatment with picloram. Xylem blockage, enlargement of cortical and pith cells and eventual necrosis of the shoot apex, parenchymatous and phloem tissues of red maple plants were features shown by picloram treatment. Red maple shoots were desiccated and dead by 22 days after treatment commenced. White ash shoots showed some increased mitotic activity but at the end of 22 days of picloram treatment, the leaves were still turgid and the internal anatomy of the shoot system scarcely altered. It is suggested that the susceptibility of red maple plants can be explained in part by the effects picloram has on xylem blockage and necrosis of parenchymatous tissues in the shoot system of this species.Effects du piclorame sur l'analomie de la partie aérienne de l'erable rouge et du frêne blancL'anatomie de la partie aérienne de l'érable rouge et du frêne blanc a été examinee i diverses dpoques aprés un traitement au piclorame. Le blocage du xyléme, le grossissement des cellules corticales et médullaires, ainsi qu'une Éventuelle nécrose des apex des tiges, des tissus parenchymateux et du phloéme des Arables rouges furent les effects consécutifs au traitement par le piclorame. La partie aérienne des Arables rouges se déssécha et mourut 22 jours aprés le déA but du traitement. La partie aérienne du Fréne blanc manifesta un accrolssement d'activité mitotique. mais, 22 jours aprés le traitement au piclorame, les feuilles étaient encore turgesccntes et l'anatomie interne des organes aériens k peine altérte. II est suggéré que la sensibility de rérable rouge peut être expliquée en partie par les effets du piclorame sur le blocage du xyléme et les necroses des tissus parenchymateux dans les organes adriens de cette espèce.Die Wirkung von Picloram auf die Anatomic des Sprosses von Acer rubrum L. und Fraxinus americana L.Es wurde die Anatomie des Sprosssystems von Acer rubrum L. und von Fraxinus americana L. zu verschiedencn Zeiten nach einer PJilorambehandlung untersucht. Bei Acer rubrum traten als Sympiome auf: Verstopfen des Xylems, VergröBerung der Rinden-und Markzellen und schliesslich Absterben der Sprossspitze, des parenchymatischen und des Phloemgewebcs. 22 Tage nach der Behandlung waren dis Sprosse ausgelrocknet und tot. Bei Fraxinus americana zeigten die Sprosse erhohte mitotische AktivitSt, aber 22 Tage nach der Piclorambehandlung waren die Blotter noch turgeszent und der innere Auf bau des Sprols systems war kaum verSndert. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, daβ die Empfindlichkeit von Acer rubrum gegenuber Pictoram zum Teil mit seiner Wirkung auf das Xylem und das parenchymatische Gewebe im Sproβsystem erklärt werden kann.

Notes: Summary. The efficacy of NN-diallyl-αα-dichloroacetamide (R-25788) as an antidote for reducing the injury of various herbicides in corn (Zea mays L.) was tested under controlled conditions in growth rooms. The application of R-25788 to the soil as a pre-plant incorporated treatment to corn significantly reduced the toxicity often out of twenty-two herbicides tested. These ten herbicides were, in order of decreasing effectiveness of the antidote, EPTC, barban, sulfallate, vernolate, molinate, butylate, alachlor, pebulate, linuron and di-allate. In quartz sand nutrient culture, R-25788 was more effective as an antidote for barban applied to the foliage of corn than it was for barban applied to the roots. Le NN-diallyl-αα-dichloroacétamide comme antidote de I'EPTC et autres herbicides dans le mais.

Notes: Stream tributaries in the Des Moines River basin have been classified according to the glacial terrain through which they flow. Three stream types were categorized as follows: (1) streams that flow entirely on Wisconsin drift, (2) streams that flow entirely on Kansan drift, and (3) streams that have their headwaters located on new drift but have their lower reaches flowing on older drift. Selected channel and valley characteristics were measured and used to verify the stream type classification. Five variables were chosen for use in a multiple linear discriminatory analysis, which is a statistical technique developed for the purpose of classifying observations into one of several categories which have been predetermined. The streams in each group were verified with the exception of three anomalies based on the probability associated with the largest linear discriminant function. The rationale for the three anomalous streams is not easily determined. But, they are considered to be associated with pre-glacial drainage or at least pre-Wisconsin age drainage. Otherwise, the analysis shows that the major channels and valleys in the Des Moines River basin tend to reflect the glaciated upland surface.

Notes: . Evaluation of lakes as they are related to groundwater flow systems is of special concern prior to efficient development and planning operations. Both naturally occurring and artificially created lakes are being developed rapidly as recreational and residential areas. Simultaneously, field verification of theoretical groundwater flow system behavior has progressed to the point where hydrogeologists trained to understand basic concepts of flow-system analysis can begin to broaden their research and service base, and to work closer with planners, developers, and engineers. It is suggested that particular efforts be directed toward a greater evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological aspects of potentially developable lake sites to aid in selecting use patterns in accord with these factors. Many lake developments are not in harmony with the physical environment. The resulting misuse of resources is often expressed as accelerated eutrophication of lakes, or by quality degradation of shallow groundwater flow systems contiguous to them. Lakes can no longer be considered as separate entities. Methodology for investigating the interchange of surface and near-surface water is adequate however, the application of known interchange relationships is inadequate..

Notes: Expression of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Protein II (P.II) is subject to phase variation and antigenic variation. The P.II proteins made by one strain possess both unique and conserved antigenic determinants. To study the mechanism of antigenic variation, we cloned several P.II genes, using as probes a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for unique determinants. The DNA sequences of three P.II genes showed that they shared a conserved framework, with two short hypervariable (HV) regions being responsible for most of the differences among them. We demonstrated that unique epitopes recognized by the MAbs were at least partially encoded by one of the HV regions. Moreover, we found that reassortment of the two HV regions among P.II genes occurs, generating increased structural and antigenic variability in the P.II protein family.