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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: evolution ; polyploidy ; ribosomal RNA genes ; cyprinid fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetically diploid and tetraploid cyprinid fish species have cells of very similar volumes and protein contents. This finding has prompted us to postulate a regulatory system established during the evolution of the tetraploids leading to a diploid state of genic expression. It was proposed that this might be accounted for by a selective loss of ribosomal genes. RNA-DNA hybridization experiments, however, reveal a clear-cut 1:2 relationship of ribosomal DNA amounts between the diploid and the tetraploid species.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: evolution ; polyploidy ; ribosomal RNA genes ; Isospondyli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetically tetraploid species of the fish order Isospondyli generally have twice the mean ribosomal gene content as closely related species on the phylogenetically diploid level. Considerable intraspecific variation of rDNA amount was observed. These findings are discussed in view of the hypothesis that selective loss of ribosomal genes may account for diminishing genic activity in phylogenetically tetraploid organisms.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 163-173 
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of cyclophosphamide (1) are very sensitive towards experimental conditions in view of the kind of sample handling, the type of mass spectrometer used and the temperature of evaporation. The reason for this phenomenon is the elimination of HCl from the molecular ion by a specific 1,5-hydrogen transfer yielding an ion at m/z 224 which is structurally related to the bicyclic compound 4 with its typical fragment ions at m/z 175 and 147. Thermal excitation of the sample increases the intensity of this fragmentation pathway. The fragmentation pattern of 1 and the thermally induced rearrangement reaction has been elucidated by means of isotopic labelling, high-resolution data, metastable ion analysis and some tandem mass spectrometric experiments. Various samples of 1 monohydrate and its commercially available preparations, which are triturates with sodium chloride, differing in the crystal size distribution, showed nearly identical mass spectra on two different magnetic mass spectrometers, provided that the materials were introduced as solids under careful control of the evaporation temperature. The fragmentation via m/z 224 prevails in case of non-crystalline, pre-dissolved samples on one of the instruments used which might be explained by a differing construction of the ion source and the sample cup holder. The conclusions of Mruzek et al. concerning different proportions of stereoisomers in pharmaceutical preparations of 1 lack any analytical evidence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Precracking of WC-Co-Hardmetal-Specimens for Fracture-Toughness TestingThe determination of a valid critical stress intensity factor KIC requires an extremely sharp, well defined initial crack. Methods producing such a crack are well known for metallic materials, but they often can not be used with brittle materials, like cemented carbides or ceramics. Their low fracture toughness makes a controlled crack growth under pure tensile stress nearly impossible. More useful are precracking methods, utilizing a stress gradient to stop the crack at defined depth.A very simple methods uses the indentation of a hardness tester to produce a semi-elliptical surface crack, interfered with residual stresses.For different areas of application and specimen geometries, bridge indentation, wedge indentation and composite bending method produce cracks with a straight front. Also under cyclic loading, under tensile as well as under compressive stress, the creation of a sharp precrack, applicable in KIC measurement, is possible.
    Notes: Um bei Bruchzähigkeitsmessungen einen gültigen KIC-Wert zu erhalten, sollte wegen der Abhängigkeit der Meßergebnisse vom Rißrundungsradius möglichst ein natürlich scharfer Anriß definierter Länge eingebracht werden. Methoden hierzu, wie sie aus bruchmechanischen Untersuchungen an Metallen bekannt sind, können oft bei spröden Werkstoffen, wie Hartmetall oder Keramik, nicht angewandt werden, da deren geringe Bruchzähigkeit ein kontrolliertes Rißwachstum unter reiner Zugspannung nahezu unmöglich macht.Hier bieten sich Verfahren zur Anrißerzeugung in einem Spannungsgradienten an, welcher erlaubt, einen Riß bei einer vorgegebenen Länge zu stoppen.Eine sehr einfach anzuwendende Methode nützt die Tatsache, daß sich in spröden Materialien um einen Härteeindruck ein halbelliptischer Oberflächenriß ausbildet, allerdings baut sich dabei auch ein Eigenspannungszustand auf.Für verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche und Probengeometrien können zur Erzeugung eines Anrisses mit gerader Rißfront die Brückenmethode, die Keilmethode und die Verbund-Biege-Methode eingesetzt werden. Ebenso ist es möglich, unter zyklischer Belastung, sowohl im Zug-, wie auch im Druckspannungsbereich, einen natürlich scharfen Anriß in spröden Werkstoffen zu erzeugen.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 128-132 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Simple Method of Determining Valid Fracture Toughness Data of Cemented CarbidesFrom a comparison of published data it follows that a valid determination of the fracture toughness of cemented carbides depends on the use of samples containing sharp cracks. It is shown that using the technique of controlled fracture experiments sharp cracks of a given length can be introduced easily and reproducibly into bend specimens. A new evaluation method permits the fracture toughness to be calculated without knowing the crack length if the compliance of the pre-cracked specimen is measured. The KIc values determined in this way are characterized by a very small scatter and agree well with data from the literature which were obtained from specimens of similar composition. A comparison of the flaw size calculated from KIc and the bend strength to the failure size detected in fractographic studies shows very good agreement.
    Notes: Ein Vergleich von Literaturergebnissen ergibt, daß die Bruchzähigkeit von Hartmetallen nur dann gültig bestimmt wird, wenn Proben mit scharfen Anrissen benutzt werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß mit Hilfe der Technik des kontrollierten Bruchversuchs scharfe Anrisse vorgegebener Länge in Biegeproben leicht und reproduzierbar erzeugt werden können. Eine neuartige Auswertemethode gestattet es, die Bruchzähigkeit ohne Kenntnis der Rißlänge zu ermitteln, wenn statt dessen die Nachgiebigkeit der Nachgiebigkeit der angerissenen Probe gemessen wird. Die so bestimmten KIc -Werte weisen eine sehr geringe Streuung auf und stimmen mit Literaturwerten, die über ebenfalls scharf angerissene Hartmetalle ähnlicher Zusammensetzung bekannt sind, gut überein. Der Vergleich zwischen der aus KIc und der Bruchspannung berechneten Fehlergröße mit der fraktographisch gefundenen zeigt sehr gute Übereinstimmung.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical Investigation of the Creep Behaviour of a Tube Subjected to Thermal and Mechanical LoadingA tube specimen, in which a constant temperature distribution of axial symmetry is maintained and which is subjected to a constant axial tensile stress is considered. Calculation of the thermal stress and creep strain distribution requires detailed knowledge of the physical properties of the material. A stress analysis, based on successive approximations, is given, which has been extended into the plastic deformation range. As a result, it can be shown that the initial stress pattern is redistributed by time-dependent creep, yielding in a more homogeneous uniaxial stress distribution. From these results a simple formula is derived which gives the steady state stress distribution as well as a characteristic mean or “effective” value of the temperature within the tube wall.
    Notes: Das Kriechverhalten einer zylindersymmetrischen Hohlprobe, die mit einem radialen Temperaturgradienten belegt ist und axial belastet wird, wird theoretisch untersucht. Ausgehend von der genauen Kenntnis der physikalischen Werkstoffeigenschaften wird die elastische Spannungsverteilung berechnet und die Analyse mittels einer numerischen Approximationsmethode auf den nicht-elastischen Bereich erweitert. Es zeigt sich, daß durch zeitabhängige Fließvorgänge Spannungsumverteilungen stattfinden, die schon im Bereich kleiner Dehnungen zu einem einachsigen, stationären Spannungszustand führen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird ein einfacher Ansatz für ein charakteristisches Beanspruchungsprofil abgeleitet, dessen Merkmale die stationäre Spannungsverteilung und eine mittlere Temperatur sind, mit denen das Gesamtkriechverhalten dargestellt werden kann. Der Einfluß lokaler Kriechschädigung auf die Restlebensdauer wird abgeschätzt.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 17 (1986), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Creep Behaviour of a Tube Subjected to Thermal and Mechanical LoadingThe inhmogeneous temperature distribution for a tubular specimen, cooled from the axial bore, has been calculated. Application of the reference value concept leads to a good approximation for the axial creep strain of the specimen. The calculations apply to steady-state as well as to transient deformations and temperature distributions. A sharp creep rate increase following abrupt changes of the temperature field is predicted; this may lead to a lifetime reduction. - The theoretical results have been checked using specimens of the alloy NiCr 80 20 in a specially designed creep machine for tubular, cooled specimens, capable of producing temperature gradients up to 50 K/mm. The agreement between theoretical and experimental results is very satisfactory, both for stationary and for transient situations.
    Notes: Das inhomogene Temperaturfeld in der innengekühlten Rohrprobe wird berechnet. Anwendung des Referenzwertkonzeptes liefert in guter Näherung die axiale Kriechverformung der Gesamtprobe. Neben dem stationären Verhalten werden auch Temperaturfeldwechsel behandelt: zeitabhängige Spannungs-Dehnungs-Analyse. Für den Übergangsbereich nach Wechseln ergibt sich eine Überhöhung der Kriechrate (Gefahr der Lebensdauerverkürzung). - Überprüfung der theoretischen Aussagen an der Heizleiterlegierung NiCr 80 20 in einer speziellen Prüfapparatur für innengekühlte Rohrproben bei Temperaturgradienten bis zu 50 K/mm ergibt gute Übereinstimmung mit den Berechnungen sowohl im stationären Fall als auch nach Temperatur-wechseln.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Wide bore capillary columns ; Temperature programmed injection ; Simulated distillation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is demonstrated that linear injection characteristics are obtained for a wide boiling point range sample using a temperature-programmed injector in combination with wide-bore fused silica columns. The applicability of the described combination for high temperature simulated distillation is described. The method, using external standardization, gives accurate and repeatable results for different types of samples in the boiling range between 50 and 750°C. The lifetime of the fused silica wide-bore columns was found to be acceptable, viz. over 80 temperature-programmed cycles between ambient and 430°C. Some comments are made on the accuracy of boiling points for normal alkanes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 791-799 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The usual procedure for shifting dynamic mechanical data, involving the construction of a master plot, was compared with a simpler, computer-implemented double shift procedure, which obviates the need for such a construction. Data reproducibility indicates that the double shift may successfully be shifted to frequencies greater than one decade to either side of the experimental range.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1503-1514 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Scattered data exist in the literature on the chemical reactions which occur during mechanical contact. It is our contention that these reactions occur as a direct result of the high temperatures generated at the contact interface, due to the dissipation of mechanical energy. A theoretical analysis is used to identify and rank the various sources of heat generation during repetitive impact or sliding. New data, on both filled and unfilled polymers and elastomers, supported by data from the literature, are used to show that the resultant temperature rise causes reactions at the interface; the extents of these reactions depend on the polymer structure and the magnitude of the temperature rise. Several ways of reducing the magnitude of this temperature rise are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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