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  • 1985-1989  (13)
  • 1975-1979  (20)
  • 1965-1969  (13)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 14 (1967), S. 343-358 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein synthetisches Endglied der Osumilitgruppe mit der Formel KMg2Al3[Si10Al2-O30]·xH2O wurde durch kurzzeitige Hydrothermalversuche bei 650–700° C, 1 kb $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ aus einem Glas der entsprechenden Zusammensetzung mit voller Ausbeute dargestellt. Seine optischen und röntgenographischen Eigenschaften sind denen natürlicher Osumilite nahe verwandt. Bei niedrigeren und höheren Temperaturen und Wasserdrucken entstanden zusätzlich noch andere Phasen, und zwar um so mehr, je länger die Versuchszeiten gewählt wurden. In sehr langen Versuchen von 3 Monaten und darüber wird der synthetische Osumilit wieder abgebaut, selbst unter den PT-Bedingungen seiner Bildung. Dies bedeutet, daß die Phase unter solchen Bedingungen ein metastabiles Kristallisationsprodukt ist. Die stabilen Abbauprodukte sind, in der Reihenfolge zunehmender Temperatur: Muscovit+amesitischer Chlorit+Quarz; eastonitischer Phlogopit+Cordierit+ Muscovit+ Quarz und Cordierit+Kalifeldspat+Quarz. Ein natürlicher Osumilit von Sakkabira, Japan, wurde unter ähnlichen Bedingungen ebenfalls abgebaut. Diese Versuchsergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß das seltene Mineral Osumilit vielleicht eine metastabile Phase ist, die sich bevorzugt in Bereichen der Sanidinitfacies bildet wegen der dort im allgemeinen raschen, nicht zum Gleichgewicht führenden Kristallisation. Natürliche, myrmekitartige Verwachsungen von Cordierit, Kalifeldspat und Quarz aus metamorphen Gesteinen können möglicherweise durch den Abbau von früher in diesen Gesteinen vorhandenen Osumilitphasen gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Abstract A synthetic end member of the osumilite group with a composition KMg2Al3[Si10Al2-O30]·xH2O was obtained as a single phase through short-time hydrothermal treatment of a glass of the appropriate composition at 1 kb $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ and 650–700° C. Its optical and x-ray properties are close to those of natural osumilites. At temperatures outside the range 650 to 700°C, and at higher pressures osumilite could not be synthesized as a single phase, even in short runs. With experiment durations of 3 months and more the synthesized osumilite breaks down under the PT conditions of its formation, indicating that it is metastable under these conditions. The stable breakdown products, in the order of increasing temperatures, are: muscovite+amesitic chlorite+quartz; eastonitic phlogopite+cordierite+muscovite+quartz; and cordierite+K-feldspar+quartz. Natural osumilite of Sakkabira, Japan, treated under similar conditions also broke down. These results suggest that the rare mineral osumilite may represent a metastable phase due to rapid and non-equilibrium crystallization common in sanidinite-facies environments. Natural myrmekite-like intergrowths of cordierite with quartz and K-feldspar occurring in metamorphic rocks may be the result of the breakdown of pre-existing osumilite phases in these rocks.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 22 (1969), S. 190-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The phase K2Mg5Si12O30 was synthesized both hydrothermally and dry under a variety of pressures and temperatures, and its stability relations were determined. Under hydrothermal conditions it exhibits a lower stability limit lying at 595°C, 1 kb, and 650°C, 2 kb, due to its breakdown into the hydrous assemblage quartz+KMg2.5Si4O10(OH)2 (a mica phase). Its upper temperature stability under hydrothermal conditions is given by its incongruent melting to MgSiO3+liquid. Near 820° C at a fluid pressure of approximately 6.5 kb the two univariant curves for these breakdown reactions intersect thus limiting the stability field to lower fluid pressures. — Under anhydrous conditions K2Mg5Si12O30 becomes unstable at pressures between approximately 7 and 32.5 kb due to its incongruent melting to the assemblage MgSiO3+quartz (or coesite)+liquid; this melting curve has a pronounced negative slope. No subsolidus breakdown assemblage was encountered at 32.5 kb down to temperatures as low as 750°C. This behavior is probably due to the instability of other ternary compounds in the system K2O-MgO-SiO2 at high pressures and thus to the existence of very low-temperature eutectics involving only binary and unary solid phases plus liquid. It is likely that these stability relations provide a model for those of the natural minerals merrihueite and roedderite which contain Na and Fe+2 partly substituting for K and Mg and which were encountered in several meteorites. Therefore, the cosmic events leading to the formation of these minerals must have taken place at relatively low pressures and high temperatures, especially when water was present. The bulk compositions of these minerals appear to be incompatible with average chondritic matter under equilibrium conditions. Hence merrihueite and roedderite are not likely to be found in equilibrated chondrites which contain feldspars instead.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 60 (1977), S. 271-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Deerite, Fe 12 2+ Fe 6 3+ [Si12O40](OH)10, thus far known from ten localities in glaucophane schist terranes, was synthesized at water pressures of 20–25 kb and temperatures of 550–600 °C under the $$f_{O_2 } $$ of the Ni/NiO buffer. The X-ray powder diagram, lattice constants and infrared spectrum of the synthetic phase are closely similar to those of the natural mineral. A solid solution series extends from this ferri-deerite end member to some 20 mole % of a hypothetical alumino-deerite, Fe 12 2+ Al 6 3+ [Si12O40](OH)10. The upper temperature breakdown of ferri-deerite to the assemblage ferrosilite +magnetite+quartz+water occurs at about 490 °C at 15 kb, and 610 °C at 25 kb fluid pressure for the $$f_{O_2 } $$ of the Ni/NiO buffer. Extrapolation of these data to lower water pressures indicates that deerite can be a stable mineral only in very low-temperature, high-pressure environments.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 12 (1966), S. 223-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Concordant “igneous-looking” bands of ferruginous bulk composition occur in a highly aluminous Precambrian metasedimentary series composed predominantly of kyanite quartzite. The bands consist of quartz, staurolite, and magnetite (partially martitized) with accessory amounts of muscovite, chlorite (pseudomorphous after biotite), chloritoid, apatite, and monazite. Quartz is found in three types (I–III) differing in appearance as well as in origin. Staurolite, in combination with quartz-II, shows peculiar radial sieve textures caused by mimetic crystallization after preexisting chloritoid rosettes. The chloritoid has been largely consumed, either by a reaction with hypothetical former kyanite to produce staurolite+ quartz with rock composition unchanged, or, possibly, by metasomatic introduction of oxygen (oxidation) to yield staurolite+quartz+magnetite; the remaining chloritoid, however, persisted in stable equilibrium with the other minerals of the rock. The staurolite quartzites are thus considered to represent original sedimentary bands which have undergone several stages of recrystallisation and (possibly) metasomatic modification during their metamorphic history. Their “igneous aspect” results from annealing crystallisation during a late static, i.e. postdeformational, thermal event of regional metamorphism. Chemical analysis of the staurolite shows no unusual features. For all staurolites plotted there is a positive relationship of the excess H+ over 2.0 and the Si+4-deficiency in the unit cell. This suggests partial substitution of 4 H+ for Si+4. The formation of staurolite in regional metamorphic rocks with excess silica, low alkali contents, and (FeO+MgO)/Al2O3 ratios 〈 1 showing chloritoid at lower grades appears to be governed, in many cases, by the reaction chloritoid+Al-silicate=staurolite+quartz+H2O. The assemblage chloritoid-staurolite may be stable in regional metamorphism over a limited pressure-temperature range.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 67 (1978), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Boron-bearing kornerupine was synthesized in the simplest possible model system at fluid pressures and temperatures both within and outside the stability field of boron-free kornerupine. Best conditions for synthesis of single-phase products are 7 kb and 830 °C. Microprobe and wet chemical analyses as well as X-ray studies indicate compositional variations of kornerupines regarding all five constituent components: Increasing B-contents (from 0.37 to 3.32 wt% B2O3) are correlated with decreasing OH− values largely according to the Eq. B3+⇋3 H+; the ratio MgO∶Al2O3∶SiO2 varies from 4∶3∶4 in the direction towards 1∶1∶1. Thus kornerupine exhibits an at least ternary range of solid solution in the system studied. Crystallochemically speaking it is significant that, although the Mg∶Al∶Si ratio of kornerupine may remain constant with increasing boron contents, the total number of cations per formula unit increases beyond the ideal number of 14.0 as given by Moore and Bennett (1968). Considering the presence of an additional structural site at (000) it is suggested that the introduction of boron initiates a sequence of substitutions such as $$B^{[4]} \to Si^{[4] } \to A1^{[4]} \to Mg^{[6]} \to \square$$ . The filling of this site, empty in boron-free kornerupine, by Mg is connected with a loss of hydrogen located near this site. Petrologically speaking an exchange reaction relation exists between kornerupine and its coexisting fluid according to the equation Boron-free kornerupine+B2O3=boron-kornerupine+H2O. The molar fractions $$X_{B_2 O_3 } = B_2 O_3 /\left( {B_2 O_3 + H_2 O} \right)$$ of kornerupines exceed those of their coexisting fluids by about one order of magnitude. Fluids with relatively low XB 2 O 3 lead to the coexistence of kornerupine with boron-free minerals such as enstatite and sapphirine, fluids with relatively high XB 2 O 3 produce the boron-minerals grandidierite, sinhalite, and tourmaline (in the present system without Na!) in addition to kornerupine.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 50 (1975), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stability field of Mg-sapphirines is limited at high pressures through the solid-solid breakdown reaction sapphirine⇌pyrope = corundum+spinel, the univariant curve originating from an invariant point located at 22 kb, 880°C to 30 kb, 1350°C. Under water pressures less than 22 kb sapphirines exhibit the same low-temperature breakdown into the assemblage chlorite+corundum+spinel as determined by Seifert (1974) between 1 kb and 7 kb thus resulting in one continuous univariant lower stability limit extending from 1 kb, about 650°C through 10 kb, 770°C to the invariant point at 22 kb, 880°C. If $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{0}}} 〈 P_{{\text{total}}} $$ , the stability field of sapphirine will expand towards lower temperatures. The occurrence of sapphirine in mantle depths requires rather aluminous bulk compositions, high geothermal gradients and/or $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{0}}} 〈 P_{{\text{total}}} $$ , with total pressures not exceeding 30 kb. Thus sapphirine is probably not a stable phase in the lower portions of lithospheric plates and the underlying asthenosphere.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A unique clinopyroxene (En19Fs78Wo3), clinoeulite, space group P21/c, $${\text{(Fe}}_{{\text{1}}{\text{.48}}} {\text{Mg}}_{{\text{0}}{\text{.37}}} {\text{Mn}}_{{\text{0}}{\text{.08}}}^{{\text{2 + }}} {\text{Ca}}_{{\text{0}}{\text{.05}}} {\text{Al}}_{{\text{0}}{\text{.01}}} {\text{)}}_{{\text{1}}{\text{.99}}} {\text{ [Si}}_{{\text{2}}{\text{.01}}} {\text{O6],}}$$ contains sharp exsolution lamellae of ferroaugite (En17Fs43Wo40) from which the former presence of a ferropigeonite near En17Fs70Wo13 can be calculated. This two-pyroxene intergrowth is the main component of a eulysite containing also magnetite, olivine (Fo9Fa86Te5), quartz, oligoclase-K feldspar inter-growth, and retrograde cummingtonite with about 76 % grunerite end member. The occurrence of this most unusual rock type in the center of the Vredefort structure is attributed to a period of high-temperature metamorphism (at least 800 °–850 °C) which was followed by hot deformation of the rock during the Vredefort event thus probably preventing the common formation of orthopyroxene through pigeonite exsolution and inversion upon cooling. After this tectonic deformation, the rock recrystallized within the low-temperature stability range of clinoeulite to yield fine annealing textures. Late-stage equilibria at temperatures well below 500 °C include the complete unmixing of a former high-temperature anorthoclase, a Mg/Fe redistribution in the clinoeulite and olivine and, with the introduction of water, the partial formation of cummingtonite through reaction of clinoeulite, olivine, and quartz. During weathering the olivine was transformed to a nearly opaque, anhydrous ferrisilicate which, except for the change of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and the oxygen introduction, largely retained its original chemistry.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 70 (1979), S. 421-428 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In a cordieritite marking the contact of a granite massif one of the large porphyroblasts of cordierite was found to contain relatively high amounts of BeO (0.93 wt.%) and Na2O (1.25 wt.%), while others are very poor in these components. Na and Be were introduced following the substitution NaBe→Al. Like in other sodian beryllian cordierites the distortion index Δ is low (0.12), and a negative correlation between Δ and Be contents is established using additional data from the literature. Dehydration of NaBe-cordierites through heating consistently leads to increasing Δ, and subsequent hydrothermal rehydration of the Soto sample reestablished low Δ. This behavior is consistent with that implied by the model of Stout (1975) which, however, does not apply to the pure system Mg-cordierite-water. Nevertheless it is not certain that the unusual behavior of NaBe-cordierites is due to hydrogen bonding of H2O molecules within the structural channels of cordierite to oxygens of the framework, although the Type II water molecules occurring exclusively in alkali-bearing cordierites and having their H-H vectors parallel [010] (Goldman et al. 1977) would seem mechanically fitter to have this effect than the Type I water with H-H parallel [001] as proposed by Stout (1975). An alternative explanation of this dehydration/rehydration behavior implies positional shifts of sodium within the channels depending on whether or not water is available.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 90 (1985), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract NaBe-cordierites (Fe/(Fe+Mn+Mg)=0.49–0.57) with BeO contents up to 1.16 weight % and additional Li2O contents up to 0.21 wt.% occur in cordierite-apatite-uraninite-muscovite-biotite-chlorite-feldspar-quartz nodules within pegmatites penetrating gneissic roof pendants of a lower Palaeozoic granite batholith. Occasional small crystals of beryl are interpreted to coexist stably with unaltered cordierite. Be and Li are incorporated in cordieriteaccording to the substitutions Na[Channel] + Be[4]→ Al[4] and Na[Ch]+Li[6]→R2+[6], respectively. The coexisting phyllosilicates do apparently not contain appreciable amounts of Li. According to powder IR-data, the analyzed water contents of the cordierites are dominantly of type II, and there is also little CO2. Their distortion indices Δ are rather low (0.121–0.145) and so are their optic angles (2Vα=50-51°). Considering all eleven NaBeLi-cordierites known thus far there is a strong positive correlation between Na and (Be+Li) with a slope close to 1.0. However, there is virtually no correlation between Be and Li, their incorporation into cordierite depending on the local geochemical environment. A strong negative correlation exists between the distortion indices Δ of the NaBeLi-cordierites and their Be contents. Li has a disturbing influence on this relationship, and the Δ versus Na correlation is also statistically worse than Δ versus Be.
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