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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,347)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,041)
  • Aerodynamics
  • 1985-1989  (1,198)
  • 1980-1984  (1,192)
  • 1935-1939  (4)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An unimodal distribution of relief for Venus was obtained from the Pioneer Venus altimetry measurements. The 'upland' rolling plains constituting 65% of the surface show dark circular lava-filled impact basins; highlands in the 8% of the area comprise Ishtar Terra and Aphrodite Terra; and the lowlands consist of crudely circular surfaces with low relief within the highlands. The complex ridge-and-trough regions east of Ishtar Terra and in the southern Aphrodite Terra may be due to large-scale crustal motions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analyses of Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements of the Saturn atmosphere near 75 deg south latitude and of the Titan equatorial atmosphere are presented. Molecular nitrogen appears to be the primary atmospheric constituent of Titan, whose clouds are probably methane ice. Solar abundance considerations of the data suggest large quantities of surface methane near its triple-point temperature, so that the three phases of methane could play a role on Titan analogous to that of water on earth. Ionospheric electron concentration and plasma scale height for the Saturn polar cap and monochromatic attenuation of the Saturn rings are also considered, along with radio tracking figures for the masses of two moons, Rhea and Titan.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; Apr. 10
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results of Voyager 2 radio occultation studies of the atmosphere and ionosphere of Saturn and radio tracking determinations of the masses of Mimas, Tethys, and Iapetus are presented. Measurement of received signal frequency for signals of 3.6 and 13 cm wavelength during Voyager occultation immersion at 36.5 deg N and emmersion at 31 deg S reveal atmospheric temperatures of 143 K at the 1.2 bar level, falling to 82 K at the tropopause at about 70 mbar and rising to about 140 K at the tropopause at about 70 mbar and rising to about 140 K at the 1-mbar pressure level in the stratosphere. Peak electron concentrations of 17,000 and 6400/cu cm are found in the predawn and late afternoon locations, respectively, with topside plasma scale heights of 260-1100 km and 1000 km. Direct measurements of the masses of Tethys and Iapetus yield values of 7.55 and 18.8 x 10 to the 20th kg respectively, and an implied mass of 0.455 x 10 to the 20 kg for Mimas. Results suggest that satellite density tends to decrease with increasing orbital radius, and imply that the intermediate-sized satellites of Saturn may represent objects with differing relative amounts of water, ammonia and methane ices. The apparent low density of Iapetus may then be explained by a large hydrocarbon content.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 215; Jan. 29
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager 2 undertook radio science investigations of the Neptune and Triton masses and densities, as well as of their atmospheric and ionospheric vertical structures, the atmospheric composition and low-order gravitational harmonics of Neptune, and ring material characteristics. Upon probing the atmosphere of Neptune to a pressure level of about 500,000 Pa, the effects of a methane cloud region and of ammonia absorption below the cloud have become apparent. The tenuous neutral atmosphere of Triton produced distinct signatures in the occultation data; it is inferred that the Triton atmosphere is controlled by water-pressure equilibrium with surface ices.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1466-147
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A topographic map of 93% of the Venus globe was depicted by the radar altimeter of the Pioneer Venus orbiter with a resolution better than 150 km. Extremes in relief expressed as a center-of-mass-to-surface radius extend from 6049 to 6062 km; the elevated terrain is dominated by a massive equatorial area equal in size to South America. The distribution of average meter-scale surface slopes is determined for the same regions in the 1 to 10 deg range; elevated areas have higher slopes, so that most features observed in the earth-based images are also evident in the vertical-incidence spacecraft measurements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Although many radar profiles and images of the area within 20 deg of Mercury's equator had been obtained from 1971 to 1981, at both Goldstone and Arecibo radar facilities, surprisingly little geological analysis had been done with these data until recently. Topographic profiles and radar roughness reflectivity images which can be derived from these data will be crucial in completing the geological mapping of Mercury now underway at the U.S. Geological Survey. Processing of available radar data must be completed to establish any systematic relationship between radar reflectivities and roughness, density, dielectric constant, and other related geological parameters. Specific tasks accomplished for these purposes include the following. Documentation was located and searched to establish the type and quantity of Goldstone 12.5 cm radar observations which were available for Mercury. Data has been collected during approximately 50 observation periods from 1971 to 1981. About half of the data, collected during 1972 and 1973, have been processed, but without adequate documentation. A standardized, well-documented procedure for processing and analysis for all Goldstone Earth-based observations of Mercury was established.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 284-286
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of preliminary analyses of radio occultation data obtained by Voyager 2 as it passed Uranus are described. The occultations took place between 2-7 deg S latitude and yielded atmospheric temperature profiles between pressure levels of 10-900 mbar, an altitude range of 100 km. The mole fractions of hydrogen and helium in the tropopause were estimated, in conjunction with IR data, to about 0.85 and 0.10-0.20, respectively. Radio signal intensity data indicated the presence of a cloud deck of CH4 ice at a pressure level of 1300 mbar and a temperature of 81 K, implying a CH4 mole fraction of 0.02 at very low altitudes. The ionosphere extended upward, in two levels, to more than 10,000 km altitude. The ring system was different than the one around Saturn and possessed cylindrical substructures. The radio data also permitted mass density estimates for the five major moons, i.e., about 1.40 gr/cu cm, a value which rules out cometary origins.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 79-84
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Coherently related S and X band signals of 2.3 and 8.4 GHz, respectively, which were transmitted from Voyagers 1 and 2 were used to probe the Jovian atmosphere. Height profiles of the gas refractivity, molecular number density, pressure, temperature, and microwave absorption in the troposphere and stratosphere were observed at latitudes ranging from 0 to 70 deg S. At 1000 mbar, the temperature was + or - 5 K and the lapse rate was equal to the adiabatic value of 2.1 K/km within the resolution of the measurements. The ammonia abundance in this region was 0.022 + or - 0.008%, which is in good agreement with values derived from cosmic abundance considerations. The tropopause at the 140 mbar level had a temperature of 110 K, which increased with increasing altitude, reaching 160 + or - 20 K in the 10 to 1 mbar region. Significant horizontal density variations were detected in the stratosphere, which implies a nonuniform temperature and aerosol distribution across the Jovian disk or across high- and low-pressure regions due to local atmospheric dynamics.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The equatorial atmosphere of Titan was probed by means of two coherently related radio signals transmitted from Voyager 1 at 13.0 and 3.6 cm wavelengths during the November 12, 1980 occultation of the spacecraft by the Saturn satellite. An analysis of the differential dispersive frequency measurements did not reveal any ionization layers in the upper atmosphere of Titan. The gas refractivity data, which extend from the surface to about 200 km altitude, were interpreted in two different ways. In the first, it is assumed that N2 makes up virtually all of the atmosphere, with small amounts of CH4 and other hydrocarbons present. In the second interpretation of the refractivity data, it is assumed that the 3.5 km altitude level corresponds to the bottom of a CH4 cloud layer and that N2 and CH4 were perfectly mixed below this level.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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