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  • Springer  (262)
  • Institute of Physics  (57)
  • EDP Sciences
  • 1985-1989  (149)
  • 1980-1984  (113)
  • 1950-1954  (60)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 477-489 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the binding of ligand to receptors that are macromolecules, either free or components of biomembranes, often show deviation from what is expected of a simple reaction described by an association and a dissociation rate constant. A more versatile model and more discriminating experiments are required for a satisfactory explanation. This paper is based on a general model of the binding reaction in which the rate constants and equilibrium constant are dependent upon occupancy of receptors. The analysis of the model leads to three kinds of experiments: (1) equilibrium measurements which permit quantitative determination of a dissociation equilibrium parameter as a function of receptor occupancy; (2) measurements prior to equilibrium which yield the same information; and (3) measurements prior to equilibrium which reveal quantitatively the dependence of both association and dissociation rate parameters separately, on occupancy.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 45 (1983), S. 873-874 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation and theological fibre strength during spinning of monofilaments from the melted mass are investigated in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient. The analysis is based in free convection on six series of measurements published in the literature on PET and PA6, and forced convection in one range of measurements, kindly made available by the courtesy of Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main. In the fibre strength and spinning orientation, the molecular weight of the polymere reduces during fibre formation. In order to find the dynamic viscosity in the polymere jet the equation $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ was introduced, which is based on the measured values of the dynamic viscosity depending on the molecular weight and the temperature of the polymere melted mass. Equations are given for calculation of the exponentsa andb.The equation for ∌ p, is extended to an average temperature $$\bar t_p $$ in the polymere jet. There thus results in respect of this an average viscosity of $$\bar \eta _p $$ . This is identical with the fibre tension a during fibre formation processes. The spinning orientation results directly proportionally as $$\bar \eta _p $$ or a respectively. Fibre diameter $$\bar d$$ , heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , spinning pathx s , until the glass transformation temperature tG is reached in fibre and volume V of the polymere jet are calculated with equations published at an earlier date. A variable νω, which corresponds for each number the expression of specific weight · volume/throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the monofilament and which is equated with the quotient from the average speed in the jet and fibre removal speed, characterizes the flow reaction during fibre formation and is used in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation. PET resulted in $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ and PA6 in $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ .f corresponds with the theological fibre strength at the polymere jet,k 2 the valueq Me · In 10/g andk 3 the valueq Me · loge/g.q Me is the mechanical heat equivalent of a gram calory andg the gravitation constant. The fibre strength, which results from the measurement of the spinning orientation and calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, is given for all numbers in the measuring series 1 to 7 in the tables 5 to 11. Spinning orientation depending on the spinning normalityS corresponds with the relationk 4 ·f · S z . Numerical valuesk 4, and exponent z of each measuring series are summarized in table 12. Fibre strength and spinning orientation in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient are investigated in section 14. With PET there results the fibre strength $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ and spinning orientation $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y.} $$ The exponent y is a function of the spinning normality. For the measuring series 1 to 4, which apply to free convection and PET, the data for calculation ofy is summarized as table 13. For forced convection with PET, in which the fibre is blown transverse to the running direction,y has the value 3. Thereafter applicable to forced convection $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ with an average fluctuationɛs = ± 8.9% for the numbers 36 to 41. With PA6, measuring series 6 there resulted for the exponenty, in addition to the spinning normality, an influence exerted by the fibre removal speed. Equations are given for calculation of y for the measuring series 6 and 7. A reduction ofy signifies an increase in fibre strength with increasing fibre removal speed. With PA6 the equations $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ are applicable. The average fluctuation of they value for all measuring values in every series of measurements in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation with the equations given lies with PET between ± 5.3% and 14.7%, and with PA6 between ± 5.0% and 18.2% and the numerical value 3 +y between 5 and 6. The exponent y shows the tendency to drop with increasing molecular weight. A high spinning orientation during fibre formation results from lower molecular weight $$\bar M_n $$ , low value of the quotient νω arising from average speed $$\bar w_p $$ in the polymere jet and fibre removal speedω, high polymere temperaturet p at ejection from the nozzle, greater heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , lower diameter of the capillary boreD and smaller spinning normalityS, which exists with lower throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the elementary fibre and higher fibre removal speed ω.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orientierung und rheologische Fadenkraft beim Erspinneu monofiter Fäden aus der Schmelze werden abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl untersucht. Die Analyse beruht bei der freien Konvektion auf sechs Meßreihen, die in der Literatur für PET und PA6 veröffentlicht sind, und bei der erzwungenen Konvektion auf einer Meßreihe,, welche die Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung gestellt hat. In die Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung geht bei der Fadenbildung das Molekulargewicht des Polymers ein. Um die dynamische Viskosität im Polymerstrahl zu finden, wird die Gleichung $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ eingeführt, die auf Meßwerten der dynamischen Viskosität abhängig vom Molekulargewicht und von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beruht. Zur Rechnung der Exponenten a und b sind Gleichungen angegeben. Die Gleichung für∌ p wird auf eine mittlere Temperatur $$\bar t_p $$ im Polymerstrahl erweitert. Daraus folgt für ihn eine mittlere dynamische Viskosität $$\bar \eta _p $$ . Diese ist mit der Fadenspannung abeim Fadenbildungsvorgang identisch. Die Spinnorientierung ergibt sich zu $$\bar \eta _p $$ bzw.σ direkt proportional. Fadendurchmesser $$\bar d$$ , Wärmeübergangszahl $$\bar \alpha $$ , Spinnwegx s bis zum Erreichen der Glasumwandlungstemperaturt G im Faden und Volumen V des Polymerstrahles sind mit früher veröffentlichten Gleichungen gerechnet. Eine veränderliche Größe νω, die für jede Nummer dem Ausdruck spezifisches Gewicht · Volumen/Durchsatzmenge $$\dot m$$ des monofilen Fadens entspricht und dem Quotienten aus mittlerer Geschwindigkeit im Strahl und Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt ist, charakterisiert den Fließvorgang bei der Fadenbildung und findet bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung Anwendung. Für PET hat sich $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ und für PA6 $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ ergeben.f entspricht der theologischen Fadenkraft am Polymerstrahl,k 2 dem Wertq Me , · In 10/g undk 3 dem Wertq Me , · loge/g.q Me , ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent einer Grammkalorie und g die Gravitationskonstante. Die Fadenkraft, die sich aus der Messung der Spinnorientierung und der Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl ergeben hat, ist für alle Nummern der Meßreihen 1 bis 7 in den Tabellen 5 bis 11 angegeben. Die Spinnorientierung abhängig vom Spinntiter S entspricht der Beziehungk 4, ·f · νω/g -S z. Zahlenwertk 4 und Exponent z jeder Meßreihe sind in der Tabelle 12 zusammengestellt. Im Abschnitt 14 wird die Fadenkraft abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl, ebenso die Spinnorientierung unter sucht. Bei PET ergibt sich die Fadenkraft $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und die Spinnorientierung $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ . Der Exponenty ist eine Funktion des Spinntiters. Für die Meßreihen 1 bis 4, die für freie Konvektion und PET gelten, sind die Angaben zur Rechnung vony als Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Die mittlere Schwankung für alle Meßwerte jeder Meßreihe bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung mit den vorstehenden Gleichungen liegt zwischen ± 6,8 und ± 14,7%, und der Zahlenwert 3 +y zwischen 5 und 6. Für die erzwungene Konvektion mit PET, bei der die Fäden quer zur Ablaufrichtung angeblasen sind, haty den Wert 3. Danach gilt für die erzwungene Konvektion $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 und\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ mittleren Schwankungɛ = ± 8,9% für die Nummern 36 bis 41. Bei PA6, Meßreihe 6 zeigt sich für den Exponenteny neben der Abhängigkeit vom Spinntiter ein Einfluß durch die Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Rechnung vony sind für die Meßreihen 6 und 7 Gleichungen angegeben. Eine Abnahme vony bedeutet eine Zunahme der Fadenkraft bei steigender Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Bei PA6 haben die Gleichungen $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ Gültigkeit. Für die Meßreihe 6 hat sich als mittlere Schwankung der Wert ɛ = ± 5,0% und die Meßreihe 7 ɛ = ± 18,2% ergeben.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 41 (1981), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the behaviour of a single impurity in a two-dimensional Ising model. Local properties in the neighbourhood of the impurity are calculated exactly. The results show that the critical exponents remain unchanged, but the critical amplitudes undergo pronounced changes. Furthermore, we develop a real-space renormalisation group for the perturbed system and calculate by means of two different approximate realisations the correlation functions near the impurity. In all cases we find that an ordered cluster forms around the impurity at temperatures well above the critical temperature. We discuss the relation of this effect to the local freezing-out phenomenon.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fire technology 25 (1989), S. 41-50 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: health beliefs ; protection motivation theory ; response efficacy ; personal efficacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The use of a multivariate procedure is demonstrated in the analysis of a survey of various firesafety actions and beliefs in a college student population. A canonical correlation analysis identified three significant factors and revealed that performing a safety inspection of one's residence for potential hazards was associated with beliefs in one's personal efficacy in handling fire situations, whereas engaging in more emergency-related actions such as checking to see if one's smoke detector was working properly, knowing the emergency telephone number, having it posted by the telephone, and knowing two exits out of each area of the home was related to beliefs of susceptibility and seriousness concerning fires. A third factor revealed an association between having a sprinkler system (but not a fire extinguisher) present in the place of residence, vacuuming the dust from a smoke detector, and having ever practiced an emergency escape with beliefs reflecting susceptibility to future (but not present) fire hazards, adequacy of firesafety knowledge, and beliefs in the effectiveness of firesafety inspections. It is shown that the results of this analysis can be quite useful in guiding the development of firesafety education materials; also, the need to differentiate the specific motivational approach depending upon the type of firesafety action being promoted with this particular population is revealed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 914-924 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An activated titanium electrode with an oxide layer, composed of a mixture of Cr2O3, TiO2 and Sb2O3 (optimal mole ratio chromium:titanium:antimony about 2∶1∶1) has been fabricated by thermal decomposition of the chlorides on a titanium substrate at 650°C. The black-green layer adheres well and has a thickness in the order of micrometres. Its structure is explained using a pore model, based on SEM, AES and electrochemical results. Service life time of electrodes in 1 M H2SO4 for oxidation of isopropanol in terms of the turn over factor of Cr2O3 is between 100 and 400. Preparative electro-organic oxidation of isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran and ethylbenzene have been performed with current densities of 0.5 to 5 mA cm−2. The current efficiencies for the main products, acetone, γ-butyrolactone and acetophenone are 100, 53 and 20%, respectively. These results parallel those of the homogeneous oxidation with chromic acid in solution.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 119 (1986), S. 191-194 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Global configuration of magnetic field in several spiral galaxies were determined by analysing characteristic variation of Faraday rotation within the galaxy disks. The majority has an open spiral, bisymmetric field configuration, while some (10–20%) have a ring field.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 15 (1985), S. 825-836 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Potentiodynamic electropainting at a rotating iron disc electrode has been investigated with three different EDP resins, two anodic from the acrylate type and one cathodic from the epoxide type, and a wide variation of conditions. Voltage scan rate (ν s=1 to 200 Vs−1), voltage range (40 to 200V) and electrode rotation speed (n=60 and 1000rpm) were the most important parameters. The (cyclic) voltammetric curves obtained generally exhibit three characteristic features: (1) The current rises steeply at the start of the experiment. Bath resistance transforms the potentiodynamic curve simultaneously into a galvanodynamic curve. After a transition time, τ, a critical pH is attained at the phase boundary and electrocoagulation occurs. This leads to a rapidly decreasing current density. The sharp c.d. maximum thus established has a peak voltage,U p, which increases withν s according to the relation logU P∼ 1/3 log νs in accordance with theory. (2) At high voltages, a limiting current density is observed, increasing with the square root of νs. This could be quantitatively interpreted in terms of dynamic growth of film thickness governed by Ohmic ion transport in the film. The preceding part of theU/j curve declines withj ∼t −1/2, which indicates the prevalence of space charge effects. (3) Ohmic lines are measured in the course of the first reverse scan and in all quasi steady state follow up cycles. They are flatter by a factor of 1000 in regard to the initial Ohmic line and reflect low voltage Ohmic behaviour of the EDP-film. At high voltages positive current deviations occur due to Child's law. The curves can be measured easily and reproducibly. Due to their salient features it is proposed to use them for characterization of EDP-paints.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 15 (1985), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Polyacetylene films, contacted with platinum mesh, have been polarized anodically in aqueous H2SO4, HClO4, HBF4 and H2F2 of medium concentrations (30–70 wt%). Two oxidation peaks are observed, the equivalents of which are 1 $${\text{(1) 0}}{\text{.045 F mol}}^{ - {\text{1}}} {\text{ CH (2) 0}}{\text{.23 F mol}}^{ - {\text{1}}} {\text{ CH}}$$ The potential of the Process 1 decreases linearly with increasing acid concentration by 20–40 mV mol−1 dm−3, while the potential of Peak 2 exhibits normal Nernst behaviour (about + 60 mV decade−1. Process 1 is partially reversible, while Process 2 is totally irreversible. From these findings for Process 1 we conclude the reversible insertion of anions into the polyacetylene host lattice, which is primarily oxidized to the polyradical cation, with the co-insertion of acid molecules HA to yield the insertion compound [(CH)+·yA−·vyHA] x y⩽4.5% andv=1.5 for H2SO4 and HClO4. In the course of Process 2, the polymer is irreversibly oxidized according to $$( - ^ \cdot {\text{CH}} \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot ^ \oplus {\text{ CH}} - )_{x/2} + 2{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}} \to ( - \mathop {\text{C}}\limits_{\mathop \parallel \limits_{\text{O}} } \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot \mathop {\text{C}}\limits_{\mathop \parallel \limits_{\text{O}} } - )_{x/2} + 6{\text{H}}^{\text{ + }} + 5e^ - $$ As this process occurs to some extent even in the potential region of Process 1, a continuous degradation of the host lattice occurs upon cycling.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 12 (1982), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Natural graphite flakes (80 wt%), with polypropylene (20 wt%) as a binder, constitute a practical and non-expensive graphite electrode of high crystallinity ‘CPP’. Galvanostatic cycling of these electrodes with current densities in the range 0.3–30 mA cm−2 (charging time 5–120 min) has been investigated in aqueous acids (12, 20 and 36 mol dm−3 HF, 6 and 12 mol dm−3 H2SO4, 4 mol dm−3 HClO4). The anion of the acid is anodically intercalated and cathodically de-intercalated. In spite of the high water concentrations, quantitative current efficiencies have been obtained. From variation of the rest times after charging, a corrosion current density of less than 0.03 mA cm−2 (j ch=3 mA cm−2) has been derived. The overvoltage during charge and discharge is typically about 0.1 V. The potential at the start of the charging process coincides with the intercalation potential defined previously. A strong electrode formation effect is observed upon cycling. The electrode is initially smooth and non-porous; it acquires a high surface roughness after a few cycles, which is then stable. The initial charging curves increase witht 1/2, while the charging curve after electrode formation is linear. Both clearly indicate a linear relationship between surface concentration of intercalated anions and potential. This agrees with our previous finding of linear dependence with respect to acid concentration in the solution.
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