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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of polyethylene/EPDM/silicon dioxide multicomponent composites by solid-state dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 5708-5716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Various composites of polyethylene, ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), and filler are milled and analysed by solid-state dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. The filler used is silicon powder with an oxidized surface. This filler is a model for materials with siliceous surfaces. The torsion pendulum measurements show that the multicomponent composites exhibited complex viscoelastic behaviour. For composites of polyethylene and silicon dioxide, there is evidence of particle-particle interactions. In composites which include polyethylene, rubber and filler, interactions of the polyethylene and especially of the rubber with the filler surface are significant. Treatment of the filler surface with gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) or gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) has a significant influence on the resultant composite dynamic mechanical spectrum. Maleic anhydride grafting of the EPDM rubber also changes the character of the composites. These composites appear to exhibit complex morphologies, which may be controlled to a certain extent by filler surface treatment and grafting to the rubber. There is evidence for a chemical reaction between the maleic anhydride modification of the EPDM and γ-APS during processing on the roll mill. Prediction of the composite properties using the extended van der Poel model is qualitatively useful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interlayer model for the complex dielectric constant of composites (1990)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 268 (1990), S. 315-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Interlayermodel ; dielectricconstant ; composite ; filledpolymer ; interfacial ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The complex dielectric constant of a composite with an interlayer was studied as a function of the volume fractions and the properties of the filler, the interlayer, and the matrix. The theoretical approach is analogous to the calculation of the shear modulus, the bulk modulus, and the termal expansivity of particulate filled polymers using the interlayer model (IM). An analytical expression describing the influence of an interlayer on the generalized dielectric constant of the composite as a function of the volume fraction and interlayer properties is derived. In the case of a composite with non-conductive constituents, the equations for static and oscillatory electric fields are similar. When conductive constituents are present, the complex dielectric constants have to be replaced by the generalized complex dielectric constants. For a composite of non-conductive materials, without interlayer, the obtained relation reduces to the classical Rayleigh equation. In the case of a composite with conductive constituents, also without interlayer, the complete solution of Wagner's theory is found. Special attention has been paid to the case of a water interlayer in a glass-bead filled non-conductive matrix material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01411674
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interlayer model for the complex dielectric constant of composites: An extension to ellipsoidally shaped particles (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 1069-1079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Interlayer model ; dielectric constant ; composite ; filled polymer ; ellipsoidal particles ; interfacial water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical interlayer model (IL) has been developed for the complex dielectric constant of a composite in which the filler particles are enveloped with a layer of interfacial material. The filler particles can be of any ellipsoidal shape. Special cases such as spherical particles, needles, and fabrics are shown to be covered by the model. The analytical formula as derived describes the composite properties as a function of the volume fractions of the filler, the layer and the matrix material, their dielectric properties and the filler particle shape factor. In the case of a two-phase composite the model reduces to the well-known Sillars relation for the complex dielectric constant of composite which contains filler particles of ellipsoidal shape. The effect of an interfacial layer on the static dielectric constant of the composite is discussed using the model. Next, the special case of a conductive interfacial layer in an otherwise non-conductive composite is discussed; it illustrates the effect of interfacially adsorbed water on the electrical properties of composites. Some practical examples are shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652870
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micromechanical deformations in particulate filled thermoplastics: volume strain measurements (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 29 (1994), S. 2350-2358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Volume strain measurements were carried out on PP composites containing different CaCO3 fillers. During deformation, a volume increase was detected which could be divided into two linear sections as a function of elongation. Comparison of data with existing theories has shown that in the first part, mostly elastic deformation takes place and the slope can be related to the Poisson's ratio of the composite. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that in the second stage, the dominating micromechanical deformation process is debonding. Void formation is initiated at a certain stress which approximately corresponds to the yield stress of the composites, but data in the literature and model calculations indicate that separation of the matrix/filler interface may start at lower stresses. Initiation stress depends on the particle size of the filler and on interfacial interactions. The rate of volume increase has non-linear dependence on the volume fraction of the filler. Volume strain measurements reflect micromechanical deformations well, but further study is needed to explain contradictions between experimental results and theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363426
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of the interfacial dielectric loss process in glass bead-filled polyethylene (1992)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 351-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence of the interfacial dielectric loss process in glass bead-filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) due to an interfacially adsorbed water layer has been studied. The frequency of maximum dielectric loss shifts to lower frequencies with decreasing temperature. This is thought to be due to decreasing mobility of the free charge carriers in the adsorbed water layer, resulting in the reduced conductivity of the layer. The shifting of the loss peaks with temperature can be described with the well-known Arrhenius relation. The energy of activation, as obtained from this relation, shows a stron dependence on the thickness of the adsorbed layer. For thinner layers a higher activation energy is found, indicating that the charge carriers are increasingly affected by the presence of a layer of bound charges on the glass surface. This thickness dependence of the activation energy offers some possible applications. First, information on the water layer thickness can be extracted from the energy of activation, and second, it becomes possible to study the effect of interfacial modifications such as the application of coupling agents.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760320508
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric properties of blends of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 697-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The low frequency dielectric properties of polymeric blends of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) were studied in the temperature interval of 100 to 170°C. Attention was focused on a 60/40 (m/m) PC/ABS blend. The results were compared with dynamic mechanical measurements in torsion and with the results of a morphological investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides the relaxations at the glass transition temperatures of the components an additional strong low frequency dielectric dispersion was observed, which was not found in mechanical measurements. This low frequency polarization process is due to interfacial polarization at the boundaries between conductive ABS and non-conductive or slightly-conductive PC. It is shown how this process can be described by the dielectric models for two-phase heterogeneous materials. The Looyenga model offers the best description of the detected effects, while the Hanai model is less suitable. The shape factor of the ABS phase as used for modeling the dielectric properties agrees well with the observed morphology using SEM. It is shown for the dielectric measurements on the 75/25, 60/40, and 45/55 (m/m) PC/ABS blends how the connectivity of the ABS phase can be sensitively derived from the eletrical conductivity of the blend, whereas mechanical measurements are highly senstive to the connectivity of the PC phase.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340902
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubber-filler interaction effects on the solid state dynamic mechanical properties of polyethylene/EPDM/calcium carbonate composites (1992)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 13 (1992), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Composites of polyethylene, ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), and calcium carbonate are milled and analyzed by solid state dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. The torsion pendulum measurements show that the multicomponent composites exhibit complex viscoelastic behavior. In composites of polyethylene and calcium carbonate, the experimentally observed modulus enhancement is greater than that expected from the properties of the constituent materials, assuming well-dispersed inclusions. In composites of polyethylene, rubber, and calcium carbonate, interactions of the rubber with the filler surface are significant. Specifically, maleic anhydride modification of the EPDM results in rubber-filler interactions that drastically influence the properties of the composite. The maleic anhydride modification results in a morphology with more rubber around the filler particles and thus an enhanced rubber glass transition peak. The rubber-filler interaction has been attributed to salt formation at the filler surface. The interaction was also detected by solid state proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation experiments. Treatment of the filler surface with gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) or gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) has significant influence on the dynamic mechanical properties.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750130312
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  • 8
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    Characterization of polyethylene/EPDM/silicon dioxide multicomponent composites by solid-state dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    An interlayer model for the complex dielectric constant of composites (1990)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0372-820X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1536
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    An interlayer model for the complex dielectric constant of composites: An extension to ellipsoidally shaped particles (1992)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0372-820X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1536
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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