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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High density near-field optical recording (invited) (abstract) : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5791-5791 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has been used to image and record domains in thin-film magneto-optic (MO) materials (e.g., a Co/Pt multilayer). In this technique, a subwavelength-sized source or detector of visible light is placed in close proximity to a sample and raster scanned to read or write data on a scale inaccessible to traditional lens based systems. The technique, therefore, represents a hybridization of conventional magnetic and MO storage technologies. In the imaging mode, resolution of 30–50 nm has been consistently obtained, whereas in the recording mode, domains down to −60 nm have been written reproducibly. Data densities of −45 Gbits/in.2 have been achieved, well in excess of current magnetic and MO methods. A brief analysis of speed and other issues indicates that the technique may represent a viable alternative to these and other methods for anticipated high density data storage needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353574
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical simulation of nonequilibrium effects in an argon plasma jet (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 1 (1994), S. 3698-3708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Departures from thermal (translational), ionization, and excitation equilibrium in an axisymmetric argon plasma jet have been studied by two-dimensional numerical simulations. Electrons, ions, and excited and ground states of neutral atoms are represented as separate chemical species in the mixture. Transitions between excited states, as well as ionization/recombination reactions due to both collisional and radiative processes, are treated as separate chemical reactions. Resonance radiation transport is represented using Holstein escape factors to simulate both the optically thin and optically thick limits. The optically thin calculation showed significant underpopulation of excited species in the upstream part of the jet core, whereas in the optically thick calculation this region remains close to local thermodynamic equilibrium, consistent with previous experimental observations. Resonance radiation absorption is therefore an important effect. The optically thick calculation results also show overpopulations (relative to equilibrium) of excited species and electron densities in the fringes and downstream part of the jet core. In these regions, however, the electrons and ions are essentially in partial local thermodynamic equilibrium with the excited state at the electron temperature, even though the ionized and excited states are no longer in equilibrium with the ground state. Departures from partial local thermodynamic equilibrium are observed in the outer fringes and far downstream part of the jet. These results are interpreted in terms of the local relative time scales for the various physical and chemical processes occurring in the plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870905
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Crystal Structures of Two Homologous Proteins: Structural Origin of Altered Domain Interactions in Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Dimers (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 33 (1994), S. 14848-14857 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00253a024
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Near-field magneto-optics and high density data storage (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 61 (1992), S. 142-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has been used to image and record domains in thin-film magneto-optic (MO) materials. In the imaging mode, resolution of 30–50 nm has been consistently obtained, whereas in the recording mode, domains down to ∼60 nm have been written reproducibly. Data densities of ∼45 Gbits/in.2 have been achieved, well in excess of current magnetic or MO technologies. A brief analysis of speed and other issues indicates that the technique may represent a viable alternative to these and other methods for anticipated high density data storage needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.108198
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonequilibrium modeling of low-pressure argon plasma jets; Part I: Laminar flow (1990)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 10 (1990), S. 473-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Low-pressure ; ionization (chemical) nonequilibrium ; twotemperature ; plasma jets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a modeling attempt related to low-pressure plasma spraying processes which find increasing applications for materials processing. After a review of the various models for ionization and recombination processes, a two-temperature model for argon plasmas in chemical (ionization) nonequilibrium is established using finite rate chemistry. Results of sample calculations manifest departures from kinetic as well as chemical equilibrium, demonstrating that the conventional models based on the LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium) assumption cannot provide proper prediction for low-pressure plasma jets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447204
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonequilibrium modeling of low-pressure argon plasma jets; Part II: Turbulent flow (1990)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 10 (1990), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Low-pressure ; ionization (chemical) nonequilibrium ; twotemperature ; plasma jets ; k-ε turbulence model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The nonequilibrium behavior of low-pressure, turbulent plasma jets has been tested using the k-ε turbulence model and the model described in the previous paper. It also has been shown that nonequilibrium effects cannot be excluded in the case of turbulent jets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ambipolar diffusion in multicomponent plasmas (1991)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 11 (1991), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Diffusion ; ambipolar diffusion ; multicomponent plasmas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A recently described self-consistent effective binary diffusion approximation is applied to ambipolar diffusion in a neutral multicomponent plasma in zero magnetic field, where forced diffusion due to the electric field E plays an essential role. The field E is determined by the constraint that the net current flow produced by the diffusion fluxes must be zero. The resulting effective binary diffusion fluxes are the sum of those that would obtain for E=0 and ambipolar correction terms proportional to E. The formulation is .self=consistent with respect to both mass and charge, the net diffusional fluxes of which are both identically zero. The results may be further simplified due to the small mass of the electrons. The effective binary diffusivity De of the electrons no longer appears in the simplified expressions. They are therefore well suited to numerical calculations, where the large value of De, might otherwise have resulted in unacceptable stability or accuracy restrictions. The well-known effective doubling of ion diffusivities due to ambipolar diffusion occurs in simple situations but is not a general feature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458919
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computational fluid dynamics modeling of multicomponent thermal plasmas (1992)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 12 (1992), S. 299-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Thermal plasmas ; plasma processing ; rnulticomponent ; chemistry ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A comprehensive computational model has been developed Jbr flowing thermal plasmas in the absence of electromagnetic fields, with particular emphasis on plasma jets. The plasma is represented as a rnulticomponent chemicalh, reacting ideal gas with temperature-dependent thermodynamic and transport properties. The plasma flow is governed by the transient compressible Navier-Stokes equations in two or three space dimensions. Turbulence is represented by subgrid-scale and k-ε models. Species diffusion is calculated by an effective binary diffusion approximation, generalized to allow /or ambipolar diffusion of charged species. Ionization, dissociation, recombination, and other chemical reactions are computed by general kinetic and equilibrium chemistry algorithms. Radiation heat loss is currently modeled as a temperature-dependent energy sink. Finite-difference approximations to the governing equations are solved on a rectangular spatial mesh using explicit temporal differencing. Computational inefficiency at low Mach number is avoided br reducing the effective sound speed. The overall computational model is embodied in a new computer code called LAVA. Computational results and comparisons with experimental data are presented Jbr LAVA simulations of a steady-stare axisymmetric argon plasma jet flowing into cold argon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447028
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical simulations of argon plasma jets flowing into cold air (1993)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 13 (1993), S. 189-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Turbulent plasma jets ; argon-air plasmas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Computational results and comparisons with experimental data are presented for simulations of axisymmetric turbulent argon plasma jets flowing into a cold air environment. The calculations were performed using the LAVA code [J. D. Rarnshaw and C. H. Chang,Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 12, 299 (1992)], and were designed to simulate experiments performed by Brossa and Pfender (Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 8, 75 (1988)) (BP) and by Finckeet al (private communication, 1992] (FSH). To our knowledge, these are the first such simulations in which multicomponent diffusion and interactions between dissociation and ionization of different species are consistently, accounted for. Turbulence effects were represented by a standardκ-ɛ model, both with and without an axisymmetric jet correction term and for several different choices of the turbulent Prandil and Schmidt numbers Prt and Scl. Simulations were performed for one FSH experiment and two BP experiments at different values of torch powerP and argon flow rateW. The inflow profiles in the FSH simulations were adjusted to matchP,W, and the experimental data slightly downstream of the torch exit as closely as possible. The same profile shapes were then used to matchP andW for the BP simulations, for which data near the torch exit were not available. Swirl was neglected except in one of the FSH calculations, where it was found to have negligible effect, as expected. Best results were obtained with the axisymmetric jet correction term omitted and with Prt = Scl = 0.7. Agreement with the experimental data was then lair overall, but still showed systematic deviations and cannot be regarded as fully satisfactory. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01466041
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ambipolar diffusion in two-temperature multicomponent plasmas (1993)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 13 (1993), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Diffusion ; ambipolar ; two-temperature plasmas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A recent formulation of multicomponent diffusion in multitemperature gas mixtures [J. D. Ramshaw, J. Non-equilib. Thermodyn. 18. 121 (1993)] is applied to ambipolar diffusion in two-temperature multicomponent plasmas in zero magnetic field. Simplifications chic to the small electron muss are systematically exploited. A general expression is derived for the ambipolar electric field E. In the special case where the electron and heavy-particle temperatures are equal, this expression reduces to a result previously obtained using a self-consistent effective binary diffusion (SCEBD) approximation [J. D. Ramshaw and C. H. Chang,Plasma Chem. Plasma Process.11. 395 (1991)]. When thermal diffusion due to electrons is neglected, the heavy particles are shown to diffuse precisely as they would in the same E field if the electrons were entirely removed from the system. Finally, the SCEBD approximation for ambipolar diffusion in multicomponent plasmas is generalized to the case, of unequal electron and heavy-particle temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01465878
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