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  • cationic polymerization  (9)
  • viable cell counting method  (6)
  • 1990-1994  (15)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxoaminium salts as initiators for cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 1505-1512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: oxoaminium salt ; cationic polymerization ; cationic initiator ; vinyl monomers ; block copolymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxoaminium salt (1), derived from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO, 2) by one-electron oxidation, could be an initiator for cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers such as isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), 2,3-dihydrofuran, p-methoxystyrene, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, etc., to give the corresponding polymers, when 1 had a low nucleophilic counter anion. Formation of the adducts of 1 and IBVE as well as 1H-NMR and IR data suggested the formation of polymers containing N—O—C structure as the polymer head group. In the polymerization of IBVE, the effects of solvent and concentration of 1 were little observed, however the polymerization rate was dependent on temperature. Furthermore, the thermal reaction of the polymers obtained, which were regarded as prepolymers for block copolymerization and polymeric initiators for radical polymerization, was studied. For example, poly(2-benzylidene-1,3-dioxane) obtained by the polymerization of 2-benzylidene-1,3-dioxane with oxoaminium hexafluoroantimonate (1, X = SbF6) was employed as an initiator for radical polymerization of MMA to give its block copolymer with PMMA. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310620
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibacterial activity of polymeric sulfonium salts (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 2873-2876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymeric sulfonium salts ; antibacterial activity ; polymeric disinfectant ; viable cell counting method ; cationic biocide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080311126
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    γ-poly(glutamic acid) as an initiator of cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 3193-3198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: γ-poly(glutamic acid) ; biosynthesized polymer ; cationic polymerization ; initiator ; N-vinylcarbazole ; N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone ; carboxyl group ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by biosynthesized γ-poly(glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) powder surface was carried out in a heterogeneous system. It was found that the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVPD) is initiated by γ-PGA powder. The grafting of polymers onto γ-PGA surface was scarcely observed. The apparent activation energy of the polymerization of NVC and NVPD was estimated to be 20.2 and 24.8 kJ/mol, respectively. The polymerization was totally inhibited by the addition of triethylamine and pyridine, but not hydroquinone. The polymerization rate in nitrobenzene was larger than that in toluene. These results indicated the cationic nature of the polymerization. γ-PGA treated with KOH did not show the initiating activity of the polymerization. Therefore, carboxyl groups on γ-PGA powder surface play an important role in the initiation of the polymerization. It may be suggested that the polymerization is initiated by proton addition to monomer from carboxyl groups on γ-PGA powder surface and the propagation proceeds with carboxylate anion on the surface as counter ion. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080311304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic polymerization of γ-methyl- and α-methylphenylallene (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 583-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: α-methylphenylallene ; γ-methylphenylallene ; cationic polymerization ; Lewis acid ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cationic polymerizations of γ-methylphenylallene (1) and α-methylphenylallene (2) were carried out with some Lewis acids at 25 and 0°C in dichloromethane to obtain the corresponding polymers through allyl cations, respectively. Tin (IV) chloride was found to be an effective catalyst for the cationic polymerization of both allenes 1 and 2 compared with other Lewis acids. Thus, in the polymerization of 1, methanol-insoluble polymer was only obtained using Tin (IV) chloride, and M̄n of methanol-insoluble polymer obtained by Tin (IV) chloride was the highest in the polymerization of 2. From the analysis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the obtained polymers, the polymer from 1 consisted of two kinds of units polymerized by each double bonds of allene 1, whereas the polymer from 2 consisted of only one unit polymerized by terminal double bond of allene 2. Moreover, effect of solvent on the cationic polymerizations of 1 and 2 were discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080300409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photocrosslinking of copolymers of vinyloxyethyl methacrylate-styrene initiated by sulfonium salts. II. Photocrosslinking behaviors (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2569-2576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: photocrosslinking ; vinylether ; sulfonium salt ; cationic polymerization ; swelling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vinylether was used as a cationically polymerizable moiety and incorporated into sidechain of polymers as copolymers of vinyloxyethyl methacrylate (VEM) and styrene (St). Photoirradiation of the copolymers containing a small amount of benzyl(4-hydroxyphenyl) methylsulfonium salt (BSS) resulted in a high crosslinking density as evidenced by a low degree of swelling, which is ascribed to the high reactivity of the vinyloxy moieties. The sensitivity of this photoreaction is significantly high because of a large kinetic chain length of the cationic polymerization of vinylethers, while copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate and St showed crosslinking to much less extent when irradiated under the same condition. The ability of other sulfonium salts, (4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl(4-nitrobenzyl) sulfonium salt and (4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl(1-naphthylmethyl)sulfonium salt, to induce photocrosslinking was also examined. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080301211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel polycationic biocides: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of polymeric phosphonium salts (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 335-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymeric phosphonium salts ; antibacterial activity ; viable cell counting method ; cationic disinfectant ; polymeric biocide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various polymeric phosphonium salts and the corresponding low-molecular-weight model compounds were prepared and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were explored by the viable cell counting method in sterile distilled water. Antibacterial activity of the polymers was found to be higher than that of the corresponding model compounds, particularly against S. aureus. Furthermore, the polymeric phosphonium salt exhibited a higher activity by 2 orders of magnitude than the polymeric quaternary ammonium salt with the same structure except the cationic part. Compounds with the longest alkyl chain (octyl) studied were found to exhibit particularly high activity, and this finding may be ascribed to the contribution of the increased hydrophobicity of the compounds to the cidal activity. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. II. Effects of counter anion and molecular weight on antibacterial activity of polymeric phosphonium salts (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 1441-1447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymeric phosphonium salts ; antibacterial activity ; effect of counter anion ; effect of molecular weight ; viable cell counting method ; polymeric biocide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various poly[tributyl(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphonium salt]s with different counter anions were prepared and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus were explored by the viable cell counting method in sterile distilled water. Antibacterial activity was found to be affected by the structure of the counter anions. The activity was low for a counter anion which tends to form a tight ion-pair with phosphonium ion, while it was high for those facilitating ionic dissociation to free ions. Furthermore, the molecular weight dependence of the antibacterial activity was investigated for poly[tributyl(4-vinylbenzyl) phosphonium chloride] with various molecular weights against S. aureus. Antibacterial activity was found to increase with molecular weight. Various copolymers were prepared in which the compositional ratio of tributyl(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphonium chloride to acrylamide, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, or styrene was altered, and the effect of the positive charge density on the antibacterial activity was investigated against S. aureus. Antibacterial activity of the copolymers was much higher than that of the low-molecular-weight model compound and enhanced with the molar fraction of the phosphonium units in the copolymers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310611
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. IX. Effect of side-chain length between main chain and active group on antibacterial activity (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1997-2001 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymers with pendant phosphonium salts ; antibacterial activity ; effect of side-chain length ; viable cell counting method ; polycationic biocides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymeric phosphonium salts with different side-chain length between the main chain and the active group, poly[4-2-tributyl-phosphonioethyl)styrene chloride-co-4-(2-chloroethyl)styrene] and poly[4-(3-tributylphosphoniopropyl)styrene chloride-co-4-(3-chloropropyl)styrene], were prepared and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were examined by the viable cell counting method in sterile distilled water. The antibacterial activity was found to decrease as the side-chain length increased. The most significant finding is a peculiar concentration dependence of the antibacterial activity, which demonstrated the presence of an optimal concentration. The observed specific effects of the side chain length and the concentration on the antibacterial activity seem to be ascribed to the state of aggregation of the polycationic biocides in aqueous solution. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321024
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkyl halide-initiated cationic polymerization of cyclic carbonate (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 581-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: cyclic carbonate ; polycarbonate ; cationic polymerization ; ring-opening polymerization ; alkyl halide ; decarboxylation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310232
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. III. Immobilization of phosphonium salts by surface photografting and antibacterial activity of the surface-treated polymer films (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 1467-1472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymeric phosphonium salts ; surface antibacterial activity ; immobilized biocides ; viable cell counting method ; surface photografting ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Immobilized polycationic biocides with phosphonium salt on the surface of poly(propylene) film were prepared by surface photografting and surface antibacterial activity of the resulting films against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was explored by the viable cell counting method. These films with phosphonium salts were found to exhibit high antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli - particularly against E. coli. Furthermore, morphological changes of the cells of S. aureus and E. coli in contact with the immobilized phosphonium salt were estimated by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the immobilized biocides exhibited surface bactericidal activity against both strains as evidenced by shrunken and deformed cells of these species in contact with the immobilized biocides. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310615
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