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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (12)
  • 1990-1994  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 21 (1990), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verschleißminderung im mit Kohleslurry betriebenen Großdieselmotor dank werkstofftechnischer ModellierungBei Großdieselmotoren mit Kohleslurry als Brennstoff fällt bei der Verbrennung relativ viel abrasive Asche (Eisenoxide, Quarz) an. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, die Laufflächen von solchen Motoren - insbesondere die Kolbenringe und den Zylindereinsatz - so weit verschleißbeständig zu machen, daß ähnliche Lebensdauern wie bei der Verwendung von aschefreien Brennstoffen resultieren.Aufgrund von Betriebsversuchen konnte die Verschleißbeanspruchung als vorwiegend abrasiv eruiert werden. Dazu wurde als neuartige werkstofftechnische Lösung ein Zermalmen der Ascheteilchen beim Eintritt in den Schmierspalt auf eine unterkritische Größe gefunden. Dazu müssen alle betroffenen Laufflächen mit der gleichen hochabrasionsbeständigen Randschicht versehen werden: Harte, zähe Matrix und etwa 30-70° Hartphasenanteil mit Korngrößen von 30-200 m̈m und minimaler Härte von etwa 2000 HV.Die über Pulver aufgebaute und metallurgisch gebundene Schicht besteht aus einer chrom- und molybdänhaltigen Matrix mit austenitisch-martensitischer Gefügeausbildung, in die Titan-, Vanadin- und/oder Wolfram-Grobkarbide eingebettet sind.Erste Abrasionstests bestätigen die Richtigkeit unserer Verschleißhypothese und unseres Werkstoffmodells.
    Notes: In the combustion of coal slurry as fuel in large-bore diesel engines, a relatively large amount of abrasive ash occurs (iron oxides and quartz). The object of this work was to make the running surfaces of such engines - especially the piston rings and cylinder liner - so resistant to wear that service life similar to that using ash-free fuels is obtained.Based on result of operational wear stressing tests wear damage was identified as mainly abrasive. A novel materials solutions is to crush the ash particles to a subcritical size when they enter the lubrication gap. For this, all running surfaces involved must be provided with the same surface: a hard, tough matrix and about 30-70% hard phase with grain sizes of 30-200 m̈m and minimum hardness around 2000 HV highly resistant to abrasion.The layer built up with powder and bonded metallurgically consists of a matrix containing chromium and molybdenum, with austenitic/martensitic structure formation, in which titanium, vanadium and/or tungsten coarse carbides are embedded. Initial abrasion tests carried out on selected samples confirm the validity of our wear hypothesis and our material model.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 21 (1990), S. 459-463 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and Properties of a High Strength Spray-Deposited Aluminum Alloy A 7XXX series high strength aluminium alloy was produced by spray-deposition via the Osprey process. This alloy, designated A1Zn11MgCu, exhibits an excellent combination of fracture toughness and strength in both the peak-aged T6 temper and the overaged T7 temper. The yield strength and fracture toughness at room temperature are in the T6 temper 700 MPa and about 40 MPa√m, and in the T7 temper 500 MPa and 75 MPa√m, respectively.The exceptional high fracture toughness is attributed to the absence of coarse constituents and oxides. The microstructure is homogeneous, free of segregation and has a fine grain size. The hardening precipitates in the T6 temper are mainly η′, and the T7 temper they are η (MgZn2), resulting in a different fracture behavior: in the T6 temper the fracture mode is micro-shearing and in the T7 temper fracture mode is ductile failure.
    Notes: Die hochfeste sprühkompaktierte Osprey-Aluminiumlegierung vom Typ AlZn11MgCu weist sowohl im maximal ausgehärteten als auch im überalterten Zustand die beste Kombination aus Festigkeit und Bruchzähigkeit aller heute bekannten hochfesten Aluminiumlegierungen auf. Im Zustand T6 erzielt man bei Raumtemperatur Streckgrenzenwerte von über 700 MPa bei einer Bruchzähigkeit von knapp 40 MPa√m, im Zustand T7 liegen die Werte bei 500 Mpa bzw. 75 MPa√m.Entscheidend für die hohen Bruchzähigkeitswerte ist, daß im Gefüge keine groben bruchauslösenden Phasen und Oxide vorliegen. Die struktur ist homogen, seigerungsfrei und feinkörnig. Die festigkeitssteigernden Aushärtungsphasen sind im Zustand T6 überwiegend teilkohärente η′-Teilchen und im überalterten Zustand T7 inkohärente η-Teilchen (MgZn2). Demzufolge ist das Bruchverhalten unterschiedlich. Im Zustand T6 tritt Mikro-Scherbruch auf, im Zustand T7 duktiler Grübchenbruch.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 1859-1862 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The apparent weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of ink vehicles made from soybean, safflower, sunflower, cottonseed, and canola oils were compared by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the correlation between viscosity and Mw of these vehicles was established. Apparent Mw of vegetable oil gels that were used in vehicle preparation were also obtained by GPC. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 27 (1993), S. 1225-1233 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Calcium phosphate (Ca, P) precipitation behavior on the surface of two bioactive glasses and four bioactive glass composites - two with hydroxylapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and two with rhenanite (CaNaPO4) - were studied in simulated body fluid (SBF) and in Tris-Buffer at 5, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 144 h. The Weight loss of the materials was measured and the amount of precipitation was estimated using scanning electron microscopy with electrochemical detection (SEM-EDX) analysis. The test was repeated for one glass and its respective rhenanite composite every 3 h until 60 h and thereafter every 10 h until 150 h in SBF. Atomic absorption spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, SEM-EDX analysis, and pH measurements were performed on these samples. It is shown that in vitro the composite materials have a higher capacity for Ca, P precipitation than the glasses. Weight losses of the materials correlate well with their composition. Both the glass and Ca, P phases influence the precipitation mechanism and rate. Precipitation begins preferably from the glass phase. Ca, P particles clearly influence the time of onset and rate of precipitation. Cross-sectional EDX analysis of the samples revealed an absence of a clear Sirich layer in glass AOBO (SiO2 53.9 mol %, Na2O 27.5, CaO 12.4, P2O5 6.2, Al2O3 0.0 and B2O3 0.0) composites. This was attributed to the presence of extra calcium and phosphate ions on the surface of the material. The ion-concentration and pH change curves offered insight into the mechanism of precipitation. A connection was established between SEM-EDX results and the release curves. Formation of an Si, Ca, Na film was observed that seemed to initiate the Ca, P precipitation. It is speculated that it is a characteristic of this particular glass composition. Two possible models for the mechanism of Ca, P precipitation are discussed. Phosphate polycondensation with silicate network or Ca binding to silicate network can both explain the results and it is assumed that in general both mechanisms play a role in the precipitation process. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 26 (1992), S. 663-674 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of time at 600°C and of small additions of Al2O3 and B2O3 on the sintering of two composite materials of (1) hydroxylapatite (C ∼I O (P O ∼)∼(O H )∼) and bioactive glass (SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Na2O) or (2) rhenanite (CaNaPO,) and bioactive glass were studied. Scanning microscopy, quantitative EDX, x-ray diffraction, helium gas density measurements, and diametral measurements were performed on the resulting composites. No reactions were observed with the SEM or XRD between the hydroxylapatite particles and the glass matrix within sufficient sintering times to achieve maximum density. (∼) The rhenanitecontaining composites were observed to form Na2O2CaO3SiO2 crystals by x-ray diffraction, probably as a result of dissolution of the rhenanite particle surfaces into the glass phase, the crystals formed in the glass or at the interface of the glass, and the ceramic particles. However, within the short sintering times needed to achieve maximum density the rhenanite particles remained mostly intact. The rhenanitecontaining materials gave better results than the hydroxylapatite-containing materials. The glass composition had a great effect on the densification process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 28 (1994), S. 993-1002 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Four Ca,P particle containing surface reactive glass composites and two glasses(in the SiO2-aO-P2O5-Na2O-Al2O3 system) were implanted in the diaphyseal area of goat femora up to 24 weeks. Scanning electron microscopic, energy dispersive x-ray, and histological analysis were performed to evaluate the material-tissue interactions. A new type of integration mechanism was observed. Instead of the bone growing to the material surface, a gel-like silica formation appeared between the cortex bone and the material surface. In time the gel-like formation was replaced by a Ca,P layer. The results provided indirect evidence that pure silica gel formed in the tissues could also achieve an apatite layer formation and bone bonding on its surface. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 28 (1994), S. 563-572 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A tensile test has been developed to test bioactive coating materials. Hydroxylapatite (HA) and fluorapatite (FA) coatings with various roughnesses were tested using sandblasted titanium (Ti) as a control material. Twelve goats received 7 implants each for 6 (2 goats), 12 (5), and 24 (4) week implantation periods. After 12 weeks the mean tensile strength values were highest for polished hydroxylapatite (HAP) followed by HA 〉 FAP (polished fluorapatite) 〉 FA 〉 Ti, and hydroxylapatite type coatings were found to exhibit significantly higher values than fluorapatite type coatings or titanium implants. After 24 weeks no statistically significant differences could be found between any of the implant types. The order of the mean strength values was now HAP 〉 HA 〉 FA 〉 FAP 〉 Ti. Fracture always occurred between the coating and titanium if bone contact had been established. In conclusion, it is suggested that results from different types of test methods cannot be used to compare different types of bioactive coatings. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper presents the application of static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to the analysis of polymeric materials, including chemically modified polymers and polymer additives. Throuh the detection of intact functionalized oligomers, analysis of poly(styrene) functionalized with perfluoroalkyl chlorosilane provides confirmation of a successful endgroup termination for a living polymerization. The calculated molecular weight distribution also is in good agreement with chromatrographic results. High mass resolution studies allow monitoring of the hydrogenation of a poly(butadiene) polymer through increases in oligomer mass due to proton addition. The quantitative ToF-SIMS results for the extent of hydrogenation for a specific oligomer are lower than the values averaged over all oligomers as determined by magnetic resonance. The usefulness of ToF-SIMS for determination of trace-level polymer additives is demonstrated for linear low-density poly(ethylene) (LLDPE). Application of a 150 nm thick evaporated Ag pattern enables in situ detection of the five trace additives present in the LLDPE matrix, and also provides information on additive surface migration and surface oxidation. A study of the silver cationization process for the silver-patterned LLDPE surface suggests differences in diffusion and/or ionization processes for two additives. This is confirmed with mass-resolved ion imaging to show the lateral distribution of the silver-cationized signals for various polymer additive molecular ions. Finally, poly(styrene) (Mn = 1300) coated with a continuous silver overlayer is investigated. The ToF-SIMS-determined molecular weight distribution shifts to lower masses, suggesting the greater diffusion of shorter polymer chains through the silver overlayer.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktionen von Acenaphthen und seinen Derivaten, die zur Synthese verschiedener Klassen von Monomeren, wie Bis(naphthalinsäureanhydriden), Bis(acenaphthochinolinen) und Bis(acenaphthylenen) mit unterschiedlichen Brükengruppen, führen, werden, betrachtel. Die synthetisierten Monomere erwiesen sich als geeignet zur Herstellung von Poly-(naphthalimiden), Poly(naphthoylenbenzimidazolen), Poly(chimoxalinen) und Poly(acenaphthylenen). Diese Polymere weisen sowohl gute thermische Eigenschaften als auch gute Verarbeitbarkeit auf.
    Notes: The reactions involving acenaphthene and its derivaties resulting in the synthesis of various classes of mononmers, namely, bis(naphthalic anhydride)s, bis(acenaphthoquinone)s, bis(acenaphthylene)s, containing various bridging groups, are considered. The synthesized monomers have been shown to be applicable for the preparation of poly-(naphthylimide)s, poly(naphthyoylenebenzimidazole)s, poly(quinoxaline)s, and poly(acenaphthylene)s combining good thermal characteristics and good processibility.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 64 (1992), S. 877-877 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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