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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (26)
  • Geophysics
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • Mice
  • Models, Molecular
  • ddc:330
  • 1990-1994  (33)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replicated selection for insulin-like growth factor-1 and body weight in mice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 685-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: IGF-1 ; Body weight ; Realized heritability ; Genetic correlation ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five generations of divergent selection for plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and for 12-week body weight were carried out in mice, including randomly selected control lines for each trait. All lines were replicated once (12 lines in total). Each replicate line consisted of eight male and eight female parents per generation. Litter size was standardized to eight pups at birth. Mass selection was applied in the selected lines and within-family random selection in the control lines. Blood was taken from the orbital sinus of individual mice at 12 weeks of age for IGF-1 assay. Realized heritabilities were 0.10±0.01 for IGF-1 and 0.41 ± 0.02 for 12-week weight. The realized genetic correlation between IGF-1 and 12-week weight was 0.58 ± 0.01, with a phenotypic correlation of 0.38. Although the genetic correlation between IGF-1 and body weight in mice is moderately positive, 12-week weight responded 3.5 times as fast to weight selection as to selection for IGF-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226738
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    Treatment of established renal cancer by tumor cells engineered to secrete interleukin-4 (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-01
    Description: The generation of antigen-specific antitumor immunity is the ultimate goal in cancer immunotherapy. When cells from a spontaneously arising murine renal cell tumor were engineered to secrete large doses of interleukin-4 (IL-4) locally, they were rejected in a predominantly T cell-independent manner. However, animals that rejected the IL-4-transfected tumors developed T cell-dependent systemic immunity to the parental tumor. This systemic immunity was tumor-specific and primarily mediated by CD8+ T cells. Established parental tumors could be cured by the systemic immune response generated by injection of the genetically engineered tumors. These results provide a rationale for the use of lymphokine gene-transfected tumor cells as a modality for cancer therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golumbek, P T -- Lazenby, A J -- Levitsky, H I -- Jaffee, L M -- Karasuyama, H -- Baker, M -- Pardoll, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 1;254(5032):713-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics/immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; *Immunotherapy ; Interleukin-4/*genetics/secretion ; Kidney Neoplasms/genetics/immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Lymphocyte Depletion ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, SCID ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; *Protein Engineering ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    A numerical study of thunderstorm electrification - Model development and case study (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical model was developed for examining the thunderstorm electrification process in which it is assumed that the electrification is entirely due to noninductive charge transfer between colliding ice crystals and hail. Since this ice-hail charge mechanism is very dependent on particle sizes and distributions, an explicit microphysical framework is used. To maintain simplicity, the electrification model is kinematic; thus the temperature and velocity fields are input into the electrification model. The cloud model of Taylor (1989) was used to generate the temperature and velocity fields to examine the July 19, 1981, Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment thundercloud. Using these fields, the electrification model produced time-dependent ice particle concentrations, radar reflectivities, charge, and vertical electric field distributions in good general agreement with those observed. The model produced a maximum electric field strength of 1.27 kV/cm, which is on the order of that needed for lightning initiation, and this maximum occurred very close to the time of the observed discharge. Thus, the ice-hail charge mechanism appears to have played an important role in the electrical development of the July 19 cloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 7463-748
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Evolution of the global water cycle on Mars: The geological evidence (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The geological evidence for active water cycling early in the history of Mars (Noachian geological system or heavy bombardment) consists almost exclusively of fluvial valley networks in the heavily cratered uplands of the planet. It is commonly assumed that these landforms required explanation by atmospheric processes operating above the freezing point of water and at high pressure to allow rainfall and liquid surface runoff. However, it has also been documented that nearly all valley networks probably formed by subsurface outflow and sapping erosion involving groundwater outflow prior to surface-water flow. The prolonged ground-water flow also requires extensive water cycling to maintain hydraulic gradients, but is this done via rainfall recharge, as in terrestrial environments?
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on Early Mars: How Warm and How Wet?, Part 1; p 1-2
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  • 5
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    Venusian sinuous rilles (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: After a preliminary assessment of venusian channels, it now seems to be clear that the channels have distinctive classes, which imply a wide range of formation parameters and formation mechanisms. They include outflow channels mainly formed by mechanical erosion from very high discharge flow, and canali-type channels requiring either constructional process or mechanical erosion by rather exotic low-viscosity lava such as carbonatite or sulfur. Here we focus on venusian sinuous rilles. Venusian sinuous rilles are generally simple, and originate from a collapsed source. They are shallow and narrow downstream. The venusian sinuous rilles are distinct from canali-type channels, which exhibit almost constant morphologies throughout their entire length, and from outflow channels, which are characterized by wide anastomosing reaches. The lunar sinuous rilles could have been formed initially as constructional channels. However, incision was caused by the long flow duration and high temperatures of eruption, along with relatively large discharge rates, possibly assisted by a low viscosity of the channel-forming lava. Channel narrowing and levee formation suggest relatively fast cooling. The venusian channels could have had a similar sequence of formation including rapid cooling. Assuming the substrate is typical tholeiitic lava, the flowing lavas' temperatures have to be higher than the melting temperature of the substrate. The flow should have a low viscosity to cause turbulence and keep a high Reynolds number to sustain efficient thermal erosion. Determining eruption conditions also provide insights to estimate lava composition. Assuming a channel is formed mostly by thermal erosion, the channel's length and longitudinal profile are functions of lava properties. The depth profiles of the channel are measured by radar foreshortening methods and stereo images. Eruption conditions of channel forming lava can be estimated by the methods developed by Hulme.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Papers Presented to the International Colloquium on Venus; p 60-61
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  • 6
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    Meander properties of Venusian channels (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Venusian lava channels have meander dimensions that relate to their mode of formation. Their meander properties generally follow terrestrial river trends of wavelength (L) to width (W) ratios, suggesting an equilibrium adjustment of channel form. Slightly higher L/W for many Venusian channels in comparison to terrestrial rivers may relate to nonaqueous flow processes. The unusually low L/W values for some Venusian and lunar sinuous rilles probably indicate modification of original meander patterns by lava-erosional channel widening.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: G-M; p 815-816
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  • 7
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    Radar properties of several fluidized ejecta blankets on Venus (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Magellan SAR imagery, altimetry, and radiometry are being analyzed to characterize the radar properties of the fluidized ejecta blankets (FEB's) that are associated with over 40 percent of the impact craters on Venus. The FEB flows and plains units surrounding the craters Isabella (175 km), Addams (90 km), Seymore (65 km), and a crater located at 4 S, 155.5 E (70 km) are examined here using the MIT-produced ARCDR and GxDR data. Individual orbital footprints obtained from the ARCDR's have been classified according to their dominant simple geologic unit (e.g., plains, FEB flows). This permits average values of reflectivity (corrected for diffuse scattering), rms meter-scale slopes, emissivity, and SAR backscatter to be calculated for each unit. GxDR images provide a means of visualizing the spatial relations between the various data sets. Variability of radar properties within the FEB's and relative to surrounding regions may have implications concerning the genesis and possible emplacement mechanisms of fluidized ejecta.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: G-M; p 723-724
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  • 8
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    Science Goals and Mission Objectives of Nasa's Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder Program (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-25
    Description: Knowledge of the global wind field is widely recognized as fundamental to advancing our understanding and prediction of the total Earth system. Yet, because wind profiles are primarily measured by land-based rawinsondes, the oceanic areas (covering three quarters of the Earth's surface) and many regions of the less developed southern hemisphere land areas are poorly observed. The gap between our requirements for wind data and their availability continues to widen. For example, as faster computers become available to model the atmosphere with ever increasing resolution and sophistication, our ability to model the atmosphere will be hampered by a lack of data, particularly wind profiles. In order to address this important deficiency in wind observations, NASA plans to construct the Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (LAWS) instrument, with deployment tentatively scheduled between 2002 and 2005 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. Addressed here is the importance of wind measurements for advancing our understanding and prediction of the total Earth System. The current characteristics of the LAWS instrument under study are also summarized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Sixteenth International Laser Radar Conference, Part 1; p 251-255
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  • 9
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    Ancient oceans and Martian paleohydrology (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The global model of ocean formation on Mars is discussed. The studies of impact crater densities on certain Martian landforms show that late in Martian history there could have been coincident formation of: (1) glacial features in the Southern Hemisphere; (2) ponded water and related ice features in the northern plains; (3) fluvial runoff on Martian uplands; and (4) active ice-related mass-movement. This model of transient ocean formation ties these diverse observations together in a long-term cyclic scheme of global planetary operation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., 22nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; p 7-10
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  • 10
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    Fluvial valleys in the heavily cratered terrains of Mars: Evidence for paleoclimatic change? (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Whether the formation of the Martian valley networks provides unequivocal evidence for drastically different climatic conditions remains debatable. Recent theoretical climate modeling precludes the existence of a temperate climate early in Mars' geological history. An alternative hypothesis suggests that Mars had a globally higher heat flow early in its geological history, bringing water tables to within 350 m of the surface. While a globally higher heat flow would initiate ground water circulation at depth, the valley networks probably required water tables to be even closer to the surface. Additionally, it was previously reported that the clustered distribution of the valley networks within terrain types, particularly in the heavily cratered highlands, suggests regional hydrological processes were important. The case for localized hydrothermal systems is summarized and estimates of both erosion volumes and of the implied water volumes for several Martian valley systems are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on Early Mars: How Warm and How Wet?, Part 1; p 12-13
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