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  • SPACE RADIATION  (4)
  • Engineering  (2)
  • 1990-1994  (6)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 14 (1992), S. 1473-1484 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Bluff body ; Wake ; Vortex shedding ; Unsteady periodic flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The structure of confined wakes behind a square cylinder in a channel is investigated via the numerical solution of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. Vortex shedding behind the cylinder induces periodicity in the flow field. Details of the phenomenon are simulated through numerical flow visualization. The unsteady periodic wake can be characterized by the Strouhal number, which varies with the Reynolds number and the blockage ratio of the channel. The periodicity of the flow is, however, damped in the downstream region of a long duct. This damping may be attributed to the influence of side walls on the flow structure.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 17 (1993), S. 975-993 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; Mass and momentum balance ; Non-orthogonal control volume ; Gauss-Legendre quadrature ; Pressure correction ; Flow over bluff bodies ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical method for predicting viscous flows in complex geometries has been presented. Integral mass and momentum conservation equations are deploved and these are discretized into algebraic form through numerical quadrature. The physical domain is divided into a number of non-orthogonal control volumes which are isoparametrically mapped on to standard rectangular cells. Numerical integration for unsteady mementum equations is performed over such non-orthogonal cells. The explicitly advanced velocity components obtained from unsteady momentum equations may not necessarily satisfy the mass conservation condition in each cell. Compliance of the mass conservation equation and the consequent evolution of correct pressure distribution are accomplished through an iterative correction of pressure and velocity till divergence-free condition is obtained in each cell. The algorithm is applied on a few test problems, namely, lid-driven square and oblique cavities, developing flow in a rectangular channel and flow over square and circular cylinders placed in rectangular channels. The results exhibit good accuracy and justify the applicability of the algorithm.This Explicit Transient Algorithm for Flows in Arbitrary Geometry is given a generic name EXTRAFLAG.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: After critically reviewing observational results obtained by astronomical spacecraft in the interplanetary medium for several aspects of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs), attention is given to spacecraft data gathered in the magnetosphere and a detailed description is given of the Anuradha cosmic-ray experiment carried by Spacelab-3. The Anuradha results discussed concern the orbit average flux and ionization state of ACRs, the origins of partially ionized galactic cosmic-ray sub-Fe and Fe ions, and the significance of enhanced abundance ratios of sub-Fe and Fe ions in GCRs inside the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 62; 1-2; p. 3-65.
    Format: text
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Indian cosmic ray experiment Anuradha, conducted onboard Spacelab 3 during April 29-May 6, 1985 was designed to obtain information on the ionization states of low-energy cosmic rays, using the geomagnetic field as a rigidity filter to place an upper limit on the ionization state of individual cosmic ray particles. This paper presents data confirming the presence of three distinct groups of energetic particles in the near-earth space: (1) low-energy (15-25 MeV/nucleon) anomalous cosmic rays that are either singly ionized or consistent with their being in singly ionized state, (2) fully ionized galactic cosmic ray ions, and (3) partially ionized iron and sub-iron group ions (which account for about 20 percent of all the iron and sub-iron group ions detected at the Spacelab 3 orbit within the magnetosphere in the energy interval 25-125 MeV/nucleon). It is argued that these partially ionized heavy ions are indeed a part of the low-energy galactic cosmic rays present in the interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 411; 1; p. 418-430.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Anuradha cosmic ray experiment in Spacelab-3, flown in the orbit at 350 km with an inclination of 57 deg for about six days, was used to measure the low energy galactic cosmic ray (GCR) heavy ions using a specially designed CR-39 detector module incorporating the arrival time information of the particles. The abundances of sub-iron (Sc-Cr) and iron particles in the low energy interval of 30-300 MeV/N were determined from the measurements made in four different depths of the Cr-39 detector module of 150 layers. From these studies we obtained sub-iron (Sc-Cr) to iron abundance ratios of 0.8 to 1.2 in 30-300 MeV/N energy range. It is found that these ratios are enhanced by a factor of two as compared to interplanetary ratios of about 0.5. It is shown that the enhancement of the ratio inside the earth's magnetosphere is probably due to the degree of ionization of low energy Sc to Cr and Fe ions in the galactic cosmic rays and to the rigidity filtering effects of the geomagnetic field. Further studies are needed to understand fully the phenomena and their implications.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy (ISSN 0250-6335); 15; 1; p. 85-94
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Of the low energy (30-100 MeV/N)Fe-group nuclei of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) a fraction of about 20 percent of these are in partially ionized states. The origin of these particles are not known at present. From the considerations of relevant cross-sections, the following two important processes of the phenomena are given: (1) these GCR Fe-group nuclei must have captured the orbital electrons at energies of 1-5 MeV/N, while traversing matter; and (2) that these GCR ions of 1-5 MeV/N are then reaccelerated to energies of at least 30-100 MeV/N, most probably in the heliospheric boundary region. Three possible scenarios of the electron-capture processes are briefly discussed: (1) electron capture in a large molecular cloud; (2) GCR equilibrium spectra in ISM and their equilibrium charge; and (3) electron capture in the Oort's cloud.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 11, 1991 - Aug 23, 1991; Dublin
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